Nghiên cứu về việc xây dựng mạng lưới thương mại đa văn hoá bằng việc sử dụng mạng lưới thương mại chang po-go

Nội dung text: Nghiên cứu về việc xây dựng mạng lưới thương mại đa văn hoá bằng việc sử dụng mạng lưới thương mại chang po-go

1. A STUDY ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF MULTICULTURAL TRADE NETWORK BY USING CHANG PO-GO‘S TRADE NETWORK NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ VIỆC XÂY DỰNG MẠNG LƯỚI THƯƠNG MẠI ĐA VĂN HỐ BẰNG VIỆC SỬ DỤNG MẠNG LƯỚI THƯƠNG MẠI CHANG PO-GO Sungsik Kim117 Chungnam National University, Korea Abstract Korea launched the “First Five-Year Economic Development Plan” in 1962. Since then, Korean economy has grown rapidly by adopting the economic development policies based on the export-led growth strategy. Korea has become large trading nation today. However it is traced out that the maritime trader, Chang Po-Go, contributed a lot of value to make Korea known as a trading nation about 1200 years ago in the Silla era. His maritime trade activities were not limited to simple historical hypotheses, but were recognized as true objective facts. He established his trading network based on the overseas market by utilizing foreign communities. Through such trade network, it is possible to establish a basis for continuous trade activities and to maximize trade profits. Korea needs to diversify its trade partners, which are concentrated on some developed countries, in order to open up the $2 trillion trade era. As part of that strategy, this paper proposes the construction of multicultural trade network by using Chang Po-Go‘s trade network. Keywords: Chang Po-Go, Hub, Multicultural Community-Based, Node, Trade Network Tĩm tắt Hàn Quốc bắt đầu thực hiện “Kế hoạch phát triển kinh tế 5 năm lần thứ nhất” vào năm 1962. Kể từ đĩ, kinh tế Hàn Quốc đã cĩ bước tăng trưởng nhanh chĩng nhờ việc áp dụng các chính sách phát triển kinh tế dựa trên chiến lược tăng trưởng theo định hướng xuất khẩu. Hàn Quốc ngày nay đã trở thành một quốc gia trao đổi thương mại lớn. Tuy nhiên, lần theo lịch sử, nhà thương mại hàng hải Chang Po-Go đã cĩ những đĩng gĩp giá trị, gĩp phần đưa Hàn Quốc trở thành một quốc gia thơng thương lớn khoảng 1200 năm trước ở vùng Silla. Hoạt động thơng thương đường biển của ơng khơng chỉ giới hạn ở các học thuyết lịch sử giản đơn mà đã được cơng nhận là cĩ giá trị thực tế khách quan. Ơng đã thiết lập mạng lưới thơng thương ở thị trương nước ngồi bằng cách tận dụng cộng đồng nước ngồi. Thơng qua những mạng lưới thương mại như vậy, một nền tảng cho hoạt động giao dịch liên tục cĩ thể được thiết lập và giúp tối đa hố lợi nhuận thương mại. Hàn Quốc cần phải đa dạng hố các đối tác thương mại, trong đĩ tập trung vào một số nước phát triển, nhằm mở ra một khu vực thương mại với trị giá 2 nghìn tỷ đơla. Như một phần của chiến lược này, bài báo này đề xuất việc xây dựng mạng lưới thương mại đa văn hố, sử dụng mơ hình mạng lưới thương mại của Chang Po-Go. Từ khố: Chang Po-Go, Trung tâm, cộng đồng đa văn hố, mạng lưới thương mại JEL Classifications: F10, F23, F60 117 Address: 30 Gyeryong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34177, Korea; Tel: +82-42-543-1191; E-mail address: eden1191@naver.com 306
2. I. Introduction The trend of globalization is fluctuating due to the development of information and communication technology and traffic. Globalization and liberalization across borders are transforming the landscape of international order on a global scale. This international situation is forming an open network society such as globalization and openness. These changes are spreading throughout Asia, including Korea, both personally and materially. Korea’s trade volume has surpassed $ 1 trillion, and more than 2 million foreigners in Korea entering the multicultural society. Korea, which was one of the poorest countries in the world, started the economic development in 1962 with the "First Five-Year Economic Development Plan". However, because Korea is a geopolitical resource deprivation country, there is no other way but to import and export natural products and trade goods. The strategy of entry into this trade has already started from the maritime trade of Chang Po-Go in the Silla period 1200 years ago. Chang Po-Go's maritime trade activities were not limited to simple historical hypotheses, but being recognized as objective facts. Chang Po-Go strategy was different from others by the way that he established a trade network by tying diaspora overseas the community of Silla. The excellent model of Chang Po-Go's trade network was that it has established a trading base in overseas markets by utilizing overseas Koreans' society and established a trade network based on these bases. Through such a trade network, it was able to establish a basis for continuous trade and maximize trade profits. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which is the target area of this study, started to emerge as an economic union in December 2015 and is attracting attention from all over the world. In particular, Korea has signed an FTA with the most dynamic ASEAN market. It is becoming more and more necessary to link up multicultural emigrants from Asian countries to establish a network and to introduce a new trade entry and exit model. The paper suggests a way to utilize Chang Po-Go's trade network model which is being re-evaluated as a competitive model of Asia in the 21st century in line with this trend. Chang Po-Go's trade model is the subject of benchmarking that we should follow in the era of globalization, and it raises the necessity of continuous and systematic research value as a compass of the future trade. Ⅱ. Literature Review 1. Existing research on Chang Po-Go network In order to study Chang Po-Go's foreign trade network, It is a study on the literature re-examining the formation of the overseas Silla society and the role of the transnational Chang Po-Go based on historical facts. And it is a research on Diaspora overseas the community of Silla and overseas the global trade network of Silla. Kim Sang-Ki (1984) published a report on the maritime trade of Chang Po-Go in Korea for the first time as a domestic study through a paper entitled "Ancient Trade Forms 307
3. and Maritime Trade in the End of Silla". He commented on the situation among the three countries of Silla, Tang China, Japan and the transnational Chang Po-Go based on historical facts at the time. The situation of each country, the maritime trade, the development of international trade in sailing and domestic maritime activities, and Buddhist missionary work. He set out to reveal the outstanding achievements of Chang Po- Go and the excellent ability of the people of Silla. Kwon Duk-Young (2005) studied systematic and comprehensive research in the Silla Society, which was residing in Tang China in “Study on Silla Community in Tang China”. In this paper, he then sharply analyzed that Silla society influenced the development of ancient East Asia. The study caused great rebellion in the academic world. Hu Il et al. (2001) published a study on “Chang Po-Go & Yellow Sea Maritime Trade” based on various historical books of China. They analyzed that Chang Po-go had played an outstanding role in the process of pursuing the opening policy of Tang China and the social network of Silla abroad. In particular, they published a series of “A Study of Overseas Barter” consecutively 9 times. In this study, they contributed to discovering the maritime activities of Chang Po-Go and the private trade between the three countries. Choi Min-Ja (2003) has proposed a new management model that is effective for management in today's global society, in a paper entitled "Cosmopolitan Chang Po-Go and Global Village Management", which analyzed Chang Po-Go's international management model in terms of politics, diplomacy, society, culture. Han Chang-Soo (2004) evaluated Chang Po-Go as the world's first free-trade person in his book, “Global CEO, Maritime King Chang Po-Go”. Kim Yong-Ho (2011) emphasized that immigrants should be removed from the concept of the native space of the country in “A Proposal for Building a Global Korean Network Community in the Era of Great Transformation of the 21st Century”, and emphasized the need for a network centered on various factors such as government, business, local autonomy, and civic groups. Initially, a new network community starts as a cultural and economic community. However, it argues that it should develop into a multi-layered community that performs government functions. And Korea Diaspora around the world should form a global Korean nation network that is a cultural unit, an economic unit, and a development unit based on openness and inclusion. Network theory is a useful principle for analyzing transnational actors, transnational actors and transnational networks. In fact, the network has existed for a long time as a concept of connecting human beings and humans. However, globalization is accelerating due to the development of IT technology and the diffusion of information by the spread of the internet. In addition, networking is accelerating the emergence of transnational actors, the establishment of transnational networks, and the increasing role of NGOs. The Chang Po-Go trade network has begun to be used as a national network through various studies. It is being utilized as a network of overseas Korean society in the world. However, there is no research on trade networks using multicultural migrants. 308
4. Therefore, the author sets up a trade network that utilizes multiculturalism, and starts this research to search for the way of trade to pioneer and expand new markets. 2. Network theory review 1) Network formation theory (1) Graph Theory The beginning of the network is graph theory. Euler (1740) connects each piece of land with nodes, legs and links all the bridges to solve the problem of crossing the seven bridges of Kưnigsberg beside the Pregelen River at the foot only once. He proved in graph theory that there cannot be a route through two or more nodes and an odd number of links through all the bridges only once. (2) Random Network Theory In 1959, Paul Erdos and Alfred Reney began research on a real-world network in which all organisms are randomly linked. If you randomly select and link a pair of nodes in the network, a small number of clusters initially exist, but after a certain period of time, a huge cluster of almost everyone belongs. That is, we are part of a huge cluster of global social networks. Thus, it is true that not all people on the planet know each other, but there is a path that can be interconnected between any two people (Barabasi, 2002/2003). (3) Clustering Model Milgram (1967) argues that any two people living in the United States through the 'six degree of separation theory' , they were connected to each other in 6 steps. In other words, we live in a very narrow world in the real world. According to Barabasi (2002/2003), "the small world effect" is a phenomenon in which the whole network seems to be in close relation with each other because of the small number of links linked to the wrong place even if the network is vast. Fig. 1. Six Degrees of Separation Source: zetawiki.com Revised. , the 'narrow world network' investigated that the average distance between nodes sharply decreases even if only a few long-distance links are added. This proves that even a gigantic network is enough to have a narrow world property with only a few long- distance links. 309
5. Fig. 2. Clustering Network & Small-world Network Source: Watts and Strogatz (1998). (4) Scale-free network theory Gladwell (cited in Choi Seung-Hyun, 2010) defines connectors as extremely exceptional people in the making of friends and acquaintances, that is, those who have the ability to form networks in society. The hub, formed by the active activity of these connectors, has a vast number of nodes and links that shorten the path between the two nodes in the system. This phenomenon is called a tipping point. , In a random network, the distribution of the number of connections is a bell curve. This is because most nodes have the same number of links and there are no nodes with many links. Thus, a random network is similar to a highway network where most cities (nodes) have almost the same number of highways (links). On the other hand, in a scale-free network of power law distributions, most nodes are connected by a few hubs with only a few links and a very large number of connections. This is very similar to an airline route network in which a number of smaller airports are interconnected via a few major hubs (Barabasi, 2002/2003). Fig. 3. Random Network & Scale-free Network 2) Emergence of network society Today’s emigrants cross the geographical and cultural boundaries by forming economic networks, social and political networks, etc. Through these activities, emigrants 310
6. can not only maintain ties with their home countries but also contribute greatly to the political and economic development of their own countries. This phenomenon is called transnationalism. In the era of globalization, international migration has increased and new transnational societies have been created and act as important transnational actors. As a supranational actor, Diaspora is rapidly establishing a network community with the development of information and communication technology in the 21st century, and these networks are joining together to develop into a global ethnic network. The transnational actors of the network are forming the ethnic network by actively linking the members of the community. The ethnic networks are expanding and developing by the networks that are organized in the resident countries and are connected with the home countries according to the progress of globalization. In the age of globalization, the economic role and weight of diaspora emigrants with double identities in language and culture are gradually increasing. In the age of globalization, trade networks play a very important role in the international market as the world becomes more interdependent. As the age of globalization progresses, the principles of previous economies of scale are being pushed by the principle of network economy. Ⅲ. Chang Po-Go Trade Network Analysis 1. Theoretical Approach Components of a network include hubs, nodes, links, and connectors. Here, the node is the most basic network structure. Cho Hee-Jung (2010) said that the most basic definition of a network is "a set of interconnected nodes". A connector with a very strong connection ability to connect a hub and a node is called a connector. The link is to connect the nodes to each other, and a node is formed at the point where these links intersect. The analysis of networks involves analyzing how individuals and groups are connected, including actors, and identifying strategies for achieving goals. Therefore, the roles of major transnational key actors are very important in the international community. The major actors in the global society of globalization are supranational or non-national organizations, including the state. International organizations are the areas where networks are best applied. International organizations are not just organizations for interaction, they work through an extensive network. In the end, the network is a coalition of actors working to achieve a common goal that can’t be achieved individually. The Chang Po-Go trade network was a concept of transnational actors and NGOs. At that time, the society of Silla in Tang China and the Silla in Japan were transnational actors. The nodes was Sillabang and Sillachon in society of Tang China, and Herbs was Sillaso, Sillawon, and Sillakwan. Here, Sillaso is a self-governing organization and has played the role of the present non-governmental organization. Sillawon the role of inheriting the identity of Diaspora Silla people, and Sillakwan played a role in maintaining relations with their home country, Silla. On the other hand, the Silla community in Japan lived in Koguryeo, Baekje, and Silla in a collective residence (node), succeeding the language and culture of Koguryeo, 311
7. Baekje and Silla. Chang Po-Go played a role as a connector by bundling such society of Silla in Tang China and Silla in together (Hwang Sang-Seok, 2011). Since the overseas Silla society formed a transnational ethnic network, and the Chang Po-Go Merchant was able to launch the world 's first private trade between the three countries. 2. Analysis model Hillery referred to three components community, geographic area, connection ties and social interaction, in order to develop into a local, social, and national community. First, it means that geographical area means physical space, second, connection ties that expresses group consciousness, and third, social interactions that represent social relations (Bang Young-Joon, 2006). The following is the application of the theory of ethnic community network construction to Chang Po-Go Trade Merchant and the overseas Silla social community Table 1. The Community Component of Overseas Silla Community Chang Po-Go Silla Community Silla Community in Component Trade Merchant in Tang China Japan Geographic Area Cheonghaejin Sillaso, Koguryeo Village, (Group Chuksanpo, Choju, Yangju Sillabang, Baekje Village, Silla Residence) Hakata Sillachon Village Connection Ties Succession of Succession of (Traditional Acceptance of Native Language Koguryeo Culture Multiculturalism and Culture, & Baekje Culture, Community) Religion Religion Social Trade Envoy to Tang China: Interaction Gyokwanseon Coast trade, Control of (Private Trade, Trade Envoy to Japan: Shipping, Economic Power, Sea Hoeyeokseon Shipbuilding Preferential for Trade Transportation) Pioneering of the Sea Route According to Hwang Sang-Seok (2011), the overseas community of Silla society included not only Silla people but also Koguryeo and Baekje refugees. Koguryeo, Baekje, and Silla were in opposition for over 700 years, so they had the roots of the same race, but there was a hostile emotional scarcity and a lot of alienation. Nevertheless, as shown in , the reasons for the establishment of the ethnic community in the overseas Silla community are as follows. First, the overseas Silla community lived in a group residence. Secondly, the overseas Silla community formed a religion and culture community, lived in the language of the mother country, succeeding culture and customs. Third, Silla Diaspora has established a global network sharing a sense of belonging and bond as one community. In this way, the overseas Silla society was a global network of ethnic communities. The supranational network model, which is a global network, is shown in . , Herb, which constitutes a global trade network in the overseas Silla society, was the Sillaso of a self-governing organization, the Sillakwan of a host of the envoys, and the Sillawon of a religious and cultural community. And herb was the Silla Settlement of the Silla social community in Japan, Honglyeokwan and the temple. Node 312
8. was Sillabang, Sillachon of Silla Society in Tang China, and node was the Koguryeo Village, the Baekje Village, the Silla Village of the Silla Society in Japan. Overseas Silla traders and merchants played a role in connecting hubs and nodes. In this way, the overseas Silla community has formed a network linking hubs and nodes. Fig. 4. Overseas Silla's Trade Network Model Source: Hwang Sang-Seok (2011) Revised. Overseas Silla Diaspora was a village and formed a national community based on a clan. So Chang Po-Go was a supranational actor who established a network between Silla people in his home country and Diaspora Silla people in overseas. Therefore, Chang Po-Go and Chang Po-Go Trade Merchant played a role as connectors connecting the home country of Silla and the community of overseas Silla society . Fig. 5. Chang Po-Go’s Trade Network Model Source: Hwang Sang-Seok (2011) Revised. 313
9. , Chang Po-Go as a connector, placed the headquarters of the international trade network in Cheonghaejin of Silla and informed strategic directions and collected information from each region. He set up a trade office, a trade cell base, in the hub of the Tang China. It was a command center that united overseas Silla society and was an information gathering center for the market trends and circumstances of the huge Tang dynasty. It was a bridgehead connecting the Yangtze River to the capital city of Changan. Western goods were gathered around the circumference and transported to Luoyang and Changan. And the Yangzhou Trading Base was a base for contact with Islamic merchants who trade goods in Southeast Asia, India and the Middle East and was the information center of the Western world. The Hakata Trading Office in Japan was the hub of trade in Japan, and was the hub of information on Japan's politics, economy, and society as well as an exchange of culture and civilization. Chang Po-Go exported the products produced by Silla through its network with international trading headquarters in Cheonghaejin, and imported goods from Tang China, Western, and Southeast Asian countries. As such, Chang Po-Go was a merchandising trade between the three countries connecting Tang China, Japan, and based on the overseas Silla network. The reason why Chang Po-Go was able to establish a global trade network was that the international environment of East Asia was opening up to internationalization at that time. Chang Po-Go was a transnational actor who made good use of the flow of change in international order. The reason why he was able to demonstrate his strong leadership was because he reflected the age of the international environment. IV. Multi-cultural trade network construction strategy 1. Construction of multi-cultural hub network It was because the Chang Po-Go Trade Network established a global network of overseas Tang China and Japan society based on Chunghaejin, which also caught the flow of change in the international order at the time. This means that the formation of a 'transnational social space' is a key driving force for building a global network. , Chang Po-Go grasped the flow of change in the international order of East Asia at that time and put Chang Po-Go merchant as a supranational main actor. In the 21st century, the world has a great power of networking, a community of homogeneity and identity. With this change in international order, diaspora is being formed and expanded as a transnational ethnic network. Multicultural migrants are in the form of collective residence by country and are scattered all over the country. They are also sharing information through self-help groups, self-help groups of SOHO(Small Office Home Office) trade and merchant ambulant trade, and self-help groups of international students. This phenomenon is rapidly increasing. If you build a connector to connect it and build it as a hub network and develop it into a trade network, you will be able to exert tremendous synergy. The hub network functions not only for existing networks but also for new and incoming networks, individuals, 314
10. organizations, and corporations to be connected to hubs through hubs quickly and effectively. And if you build a load for each country and run an international trade network through a link between the hub and the load, the ripple effect is expected to be enormous. Fig. 6. Multicultural Trade Network Model In this context, it is necessary to establish a multicultural migrant global trade network cooperative (tentative name) that will build a hub net connecting the national on- line network of multicultural migrants applying Chang Po-Go's trade network model . Ultimately, we expect that multicultural migrants will establish a global trade network that aims to cooperate and communicate with their ethnic communities through the Internet. 2. Developing entrepreneurial spirit of connector 1) Leadership Yukil Flexible Leadership has three components:  efficiency improvement program and system (efficiency center),  human relations improvement program and system (human relationship center),  adaptability increasing program and system (change centered). If you apply this theory to Chang Po-Go network, it is as follows. First, from the viewpoint of efficiency, Chang Po-Go has established an efficient and systematic trade network linking Cheonghaejin with the overseas Silla community. And integrated the main routes and developed the shortest routes. Second, in the center of human relations, Chang Po-Go is considered to have maintained interpersonal relationships with various kinds of people such as politics, military, religion, interpreter, and shipping. Third, from the perspective of change, it is the spirit of challenge that he went to the party at a young age in order to raise his dream without despair on the wall of the confusion of Silla society and 315
11. the system of the bones system. Chang Po-Go was a prophet with a vision to read the trends of international society and look forward to the future. He was a leader among the leaders who pioneered the trade port and transformed the tribute trade into private trade. 2) Challenging, Progressive, Innovative Will According to Han Chang-Soo (2004), Chang Po-Go's challenge spirit and innovative thinking did not get frustrated by the limitations of the rise of status due to the bone-rank system. He was able to overcome the disadvantages of the poor environment of Silla at that time, building a new management model trade network. This is because there was an enterprising spirit of challenge to actively advance overseas. He had a different mind-set than the Silla nobility, which was dominated by stereotypes of the bone-rank system. His innovative thinking was an enterprising force that constantly challenged and led to new possibilities. 3) Development of creative technology and the will to develop and develop the growth industry Chang Po-G0 predicted that the tribute trade would decline by understanding the current situation in Northeast Asia, and pioneered and developed a new trade type of private trade as a growth industry. Chang Po-Go's creative technology development intentions are manifested in various fields. He has developed various technologies and systems in trade and maritime such as continuous development of navigation and shipbuilding, new maritime trade route, services such as ship lending, and credit trading in trade (Park, Myung-Sop, Lee, Eun-Jung and Lee, Jae-Sung, 2012). 4) Ability to adapt to external environment and willingness to develop overseas markets At that time, Silla was in the situation of many immigrants, pirate looting and trafficking, lack of security, weakening of central power, and decline of tribute trade. Chang Po-Go opened the era of private trade by clearing pirates, stabilizing security, and actively opening up overseas markets. He established a trade network with Cheonghaejin as headquarters and established the Tang China Trading Base and the Japan Trading Base. It has paved the way for trade in Southeast Asian and Arabian merchants with the aspect of today's general trading company. 3. Core Competency Management At that time, there was no concept of territorial sea. However, Chang Po-Go led the East Asian maritime trade based on well-developed military, naval and shipbuilding technologies. Chang Po-Go has strengthened its core competence in the transport sector, which is the center of trade in comparative advantage. The Chang Po-Go Merchant at the time was a leading navigator with excellent navigational and interpreting abilities, and the main characters of the sea walking on the edge of maritime trade. The Chang Po-Go Merchant's navigational skills are certainly considered to be in a comparative advantage. Chang Po-Go seems to have shown us the know-how to survive in the era of openness. He boldly set up the international trade headquarters in Cheonghaejin, and established a local base in several cities to pursue a strategy of localization at the same 316
12. time. Today, the international community is gathering blocks by region, and the WTO, FTA, etc. are rapidly changing the survival environment of trade. The Chang Po-Go trade network is like a compass that suggests the direction of trade that we should go through in the FTA era. The 21st century is the era of globalization, in which the concept of territory and borders has been lost. In order for the nation to be competitive in this new international environment, we must strategically prepare for the future. It is necessary to cultivate transnational talent with an international sense and ability. Modern society does not want talent that has merely ability to trade. We want a global talent who understands the globalization and openness of international affairs, and has strategic thinking to accept and utilize other cultures positively in the world market. In this regard, it is possible to lead more effective and productive international trade if we build a trade network and utilize it as a trading force by utilizing multicultural migrants. Because multicultural migrants basically speak two languages, have a wide understanding and acceptance of other cultures, have personal ties to their own countries, have a challenging spirit and have global capabilities. In addition, they will become the best trade experts if they strengthen their capacity as leaders with insight, international trade expertise, and wisdom, virtue, and courage to present national vision and strategy, such as Chang Po-Go. V. Conclusion Chang Po-Go took control of Northeast Asia's maritime management right with the headquarters of the trade merchant in Cheonghaejin at the end of Unified Silla Dynasty in 1200 years ago. He led the three countries' trade between Silla Korea, Tang China and Japan, and established the Korean Peninsula as the center of trade. He was the leader who practiced the truth that the ruler of the sea ruled the world. He was a pioneer and maritime trade king who organized the era of chaos caused by war and pirates and opened a new era of trade. At that time, the central axis of the world was Rome and Tang China. Western goods were transported to the Tang Dynasty through the Silk Road, and the East goods were also transferred to the West through the Tang Dynasty. He is the true accomplisher of the Silk Road by linking the trade items of the Western world that came to Jangan and Yangju of the Tang Dynasty, which was the gathering place of trading goods at the time, to the Silla Korea, which was located at the end of the East. Chang Po-Go had already established trade network headquarters in Cheonghaejin in the early 9th century and led international trade including Islam, Southeast Asia as well as three countries trade between Silla Korea, Tang China and Japan. Through the trade network, he led the trade of commodities such as diverse living necessities, jewelry, fragrances, medicines, books and paintings. He traded not only everyday commodities trading but also mutual cultures across cultures, religions and ideologies. In this regard, he is regarded as a leading figure in globalization, which has recently become important. 317
13. He was a leader who had the courage and tolerance of adventure and pioneering spirit constantly challenging on the world stage. He is an internationally sensational transnational actor with excellent leadership and entrepreneurship, an insightful and actionable innovator who can analyze the international relations and trends of the times. He is a great figure that can be re-illuminated today as a representative of a desirable CEO in the 21st century who has a virtue as a manager. The most important achievement of Chang Po-Go was that he opened the era of free trade by turning tribute trade into private trade at the time. In addition, over 1200 years ago, he established a trade network centering on the overseas Silla society and led the trade in Northeast Asia. Furthermore, it has made possible the peace in Northeast Asia through mutual cultural exchange. Chang Po-Go's trade network today is a prototype of general trading companies and multinational corporations. Above all, Chang Po-Go's free trade spirit and venture business spirit is an important value that we must inherit and develop in the WTO and FTA era of infinite competition. REFERENCES Barabasi, A. (2003), Linked: the New Science of Networks, (Kang Byung-Nam and Ki- Hoon Kim, Trans.), Seoul: East Asia (Original Work Published 2002), 23-28, 89-90, 113-120, 173-187. Bang, Young-Joon (2006), "Study on the Nature of Community and Practice", Journal of Ethics, 1(64), 109. Castells, M. (2003), The Rise of the Network Society (Mook-Han Kim, Trans.), Seoul: Hanul Publishing Group (Original Work Published 1996). Cho, Hee-Jung (2010), Politics and Democracy in Network Society, Sogang Publishing Center. Choi, Min-Ja (2003), Cosmopolitan Chang Po-Go & Global Village Management, Seoul: Bumhanbook Co., 21, 22-24. Choi, Seung-Hyun (2010), The World Overseas Business Network and Utilization of the World Korean Business: A Case Study on the Korean Business in the U.S. (Doctoral Dissertation), Seoul: Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 29. Granovetter, M. S. (1973), "The Strength of Weak Ties", American Journal of Sociology, Vol.78. 1360-1380. Han, Chang-Soo (2004), Global CEO, Maritime King Jang Bo-Go, Samsung Economics Research Institute(SERI), 11. Hu, Il, Jae-Soo Choi, Sang-Taek Kang and Chang-Eok Lee (2001), Chang Po-Go & Yellow Sea Maritime Trade, Seoul: Kookhak, 34. Hwang, Sang-Seok (2011), A Study on Global Network regarding Chang Po-Go and Diaspora of Silla People (Doctoral Dissertation), Chonnam: Chonnam National University, 15, 21-30. 318
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