Bài học kinh nghiệm quốc tế về quản lý nhà nước với logistics cảng biển

Nội dung text: Bài học kinh nghiệm quốc tế về quản lý nhà nước với logistics cảng biển

1. A LESSON FROM THE INTERNATIONAL STATE MANAGEMENT OF SEAPORT LOGISTICS BÀI HỌC KINH NGHIỆM QUỐC TẾ VỀ QUẢN LÝ NHÀ NƯỚC VỚI LOGISTICS CẢNG BIỂN TS. Bùi Bá Khiêm Trường Đại học Hải Phòng Abstract In the logistics chain, seaports serve as a valuable key component determining the effectiveness of the entire process. The term "seaport logistics" has been studied and referred to in logistics chain; however, the State management of seaport logistics which directly affects the efficiency of logistics in general and seaport logistics in particular has not been paid thorough attention. The experience leant from some countries in the state management of seaport logistics will bring certain lessons. Keywords: logistics, seaport logistics, state management, Tóm tắt: Trong chuỗi logistics, cảng biển đóng vai trò là đầu mối quan trọng, quyết định hiệu quả của cả một quá trình. Thuật ngữ “logistics cảng” đã được nghiên cứu và nhắc đến trong chuỗi logistics, tuy nhiên quản lý Nhà nước đối với logistics cảng là khâu ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến tính hiệu quả của logistics nói chung và logistics cảng nói riêng lại chưa được quan tâm sâu sát. Việc học hỏi kinh nghiệm của một số quốc gia trong công tác quản lý Nhà nước đối với logistics cảng sẽ mang lại những bài học nhất định. Từ khóa: chuỗi logistics, cảng biển, công tác quản lý Nhà nước 1. Introduction It is realizable that international economic integration has promoted the process of trading, accompanied by transport demand, warehousing and other services. The process of globalization has shown that logistics is the inevitable developing trend of the international integration process and turned logistics, in general, as well as seaport logistics, in particular, into a tool to bring out success to businesses in the manufacturing sector and enterprises in the services sector. Therefore, the research on seaport logistics, especially the state management of seaport logistics is becoming increasingly important and needs implementing to improve the competitiveness and efficiency of seaports operation. 2. Concepts 2.1. The concept of logistics There are numerous concepts of logistics. Each organization has a different view on logistics. According to the Management Committee of the International Logistics, "Logistics is the process of planning, implementing and managing capital flows effectively in order to control the circulation and storage of goods from the maintenance of raw materials to the completion of ultimate products for the purpose of meeting customer requirements." 966
2. Thus, logistics is more likely to be a series of constant activities from producing to consuming which are mutually interactive and closely related. This is shown through the chart below Storage Factory Ware- Transpor Transport Transport Consum- Supply Transport house ption Figure 1- Series of constant activities of logistics 2.2. Seaport logistics It is necessary to understand that logistics is not merely a transport process, storage or a logistic service of the transport process. In the transport sector, logistics includes every activity from planning, implementing business services related to transport, warehousing, arranging, packaging goods for the operation transport and distributing goods to places at the request of the trustee. In the logistics chain, the port is an important key component determining the improvement on the efficiency of the entire logistics process; therefore, "seaport logistics" has become the term that needs to be studied. Seaport logistics is a series of activities including loading and unloading systems, transportation, the support of ship route and ship arrival, storage and the service of cargo in transit. The aim of seaport logistics is to focus on building the service systems that optimize the seaport logistics process and improve the compatibility of the seaport in the logistics chain. 2.3. The model of seaport logistics Seaport logistics system Marine Inland Voyage Arrival Inland transpo transp support support Cargo transit transport ort system system Loading system system and unloading systems Ware- housing Port information system Cargo arrival Cargo departure Information flow of seaport logistics Figure 2- The model of seaport logistics In seaport logistics system, there are various ways of division; however, in modern seaport system, in general, the seaport logistics system consists of the other six secondary 967
3. systems, which are Voyage support system, Arrival support system, Loading and unloading systems, Cargo transit system, Warehousing system and Inland transport system. These six systems combine with the information system of the port to create seaport logistics processes. The six secondary systems of seaport logistics processes are clarified through the following diagram: Maritime inform Shipper Ship brokers support Rescue Mooring Logistics Ship Marine grade service service equipment repair manageme materials nt P&I Insurance Health service Maritime safety Ocean shipping Voyage support Chatering agency Marine insurance system Quarantine Cargo hold cleaning service Ship classification Fueling Shipping agency Shipyard Low level s of Ship perishable materials repair Coast guard Freight forwarder Marine manpower Equipment Waste disposal supply service rental/procurement service Figure 3- Voyage support system Voyage support system is responsible for providing ships with food and support services Clearance service Shipper VTS Port administration Boat agency Brokerage Ser. Floating boat Boat security Ser. Mooring handle Ser. MOMAF Go-into port ship Customs Dep. assistance system Fighting fire station Freigh t forwader Entry immigration Dep. Quarantine office Port information service Inland waterway Tug service Navigable Maritime pollution port management company examination Figure 4- The go-into port ship assistance system 968
4. The go-into port ship assistance system is charged of safety and convenience as boats arrive port. Freight Shipper Wrapping forwarder goods Ser. Boat agency Port administration Warehouse Counting-checking goods exploitation Ser. Ser. Customs Loading - Qoading/discharging goods discharging Ser Barge Ser. Quarantining goods Ser Port wage Hiring/purchasing loading equipment Overhead crane Navigable Measuring goods boat Ser. Com. Ser. Figure 5- The Loading Discharging system The loading service is charged of assisting quickly and safely discharging- loading goods of boats at port. Other Shipper Counting warehous Ser. Freight forwarder Loading - discharging goods Ser. Boat agency Bag Ser. Single goods Counting/checking Ser. Warehouse Measured Ser. system Agricultural Ser Iced warehouse Customs Port wage General warehouse, including CY Dangerou Navigable Tank s goods Com. Figure 6- Warehouse system The warehouse system is charged of preserved period. 969
5. Shipper Along-coast transportation Road transportation Freight forwarder Loading goods for Boat agency boat Ser. Served transit goods system Port wage Shipper wage Customs Hiring/purchasing loading equipments Tune Navigable Rail transportation Com. transportation Figure 7- Served transit goods system The served transit goods system is charged of guarantying the connection between loading Dep. and warehouse or domestic transportation Dep. Shipper Inland waterway and baragr transportation Boat Freight Tune Along- coast agency forwarder transportation Transportatio Com. n Air Airway and Inland transportatio road loading tranportation n connection system Port wage Inland served Normal goods Loading road Service tranportation workers transportation Special goods Navigable Rail Com. road transportation Com. Figure 8- Inland transportation connection system The inland transportation connection system is charged of assisting the connection between warehouse and inland transportation system. 970
6. 2.4. Concepts of state management and seaport logistics As a key in the logistics system, seaport logistics plays an important role; therefore, it is especially concerned, consequently, the state has certain management in order to promote its potential. It is possibly understood that state management of seaport logistics means its systematic legal impacts on its activities in the national economy to fully exploit domestic and foreign resources and opportunities to achieve the national objective of economic development through integration and expansion of international exchanges. 3. State management of seaport logistics 3.1. Roles of state management of seaport logistics State management of seaport logistics: - Firstly, orientations for the development of seaport logistics to reach defined goals. - Second, create the environment for the development of the seaport logistics field by gathering all the factors and conditions to help the existence and development of port logistics sector. - Third, exert its power to govern the trading members in the field of seaport logistics, prevents negative impacts on the operational process of the seaport logistics, and force them to follow the available rules to ensure the normal development of economic activities seaports. - Fourth, build a system of policy and legislation in the field of seaport logistics, while relying on it to check and supervise the implementation. 3.2. Role of State management towards port logistics With 4 aforementioned functions, State management has 4 roles, as follows: Firstly, State management towards seaport logistics expresses State role in creating the environment and pave the way for the development of seaport logistics in the market economy. Secondly, State management orients for the socio-economic development towards the seaport sector. It is the tool linking the activities in the value chain of the entire seaport system including: providing, services, circulation, distribution, and expanding the market for the port economic activities. Thirdly, State management creates conditions to promote the circulation of goods, reduces costs in international business, and ensures democracy and social justice. Fourthly, State management towards seaport logistics directly runs the State enterprises to produce and trade in the field of seaport logistics, contributing to cost reduction in the import and export process, strengthening the competition for State businesses, functioning as the engine to promote the development of other businesses 3.3. Contents of State manager towards seaport logistics. State manager towards seaport logistics has abundant work to be done, but can be specified through 6 main tasks. 971
7. - Firstly, enact laws and guide State management agencies implement state management policy towards port logistics. - Secondly, orient seaport logistics management under State management by building and implementing strategies and plans. - Thirdly, direct the implementation of State management towards the development of seaport logistics is in line with the international integration process. - Fourthly, inspect and monitor seaport logistics. - Fifthly, provide the information to meet the requirements of the State management towards port logistics. - Sixthly, organize scientific research and training of human resources serving seaport logistics. * Criteria and State management tools towards port logistics State management tools towards seaport logistics are laws, plans and policies. These are the tools needed to help State manages to port logistics. Factors affecting State management towards port logistics are: the degree of openness of the economy in the integration; institutional, policy and business environment; the development of infrastructure, information and communications technology; management of human resources for the State towards seaport logistics. At the same time, to evaluate the management of State for seaport logistics, the following criteria are exploited: effective, efficient, appropriate, fair and sustainable. 4. Experience about the State management from some countries towards seaport logistics and the lessons for Vietnam 4.1. Experience of some countries on the State management towards port logistics * Japan - experience of the effectiveness of the delivery system. During the development process, the Japanese government is very interested in the work of State management innovation for logistics, especially seaport logistics. This government has done this by modifying the guidelines and policy development aimed at supporting structural reforms logistics market and seaport logistics. The first priority is to make the distribution system efficiency and precision in order to improve the competitiveness of the port system. To reform the management of logistics, Japan has focused on developing two strategies: 1. Focus on streamlining logistics at the seaports. Since the 1960s, Japan has focused on building and developing the logistics warehousing around the major port city and key near Transportation. The logistics park are concerned about the logistics rationalization of port cities. Four warehousing logistics centers in the city of Tokyo have formed a transportation network around the city and links to the port city of Yokohama to create a network-wide logistics provider. 2. Direct steering and guiding the development of seaport logistics. The government plays an important role in the construction of logistics warehouses and 972
8. considers the development of seaport logistics as a way to enhance national status. The government plays a key role in maintaining the operation of the national system of seaports and seaport all decisions are made by the government. On the other hand, the Japanese government heavily focused on work efficiency and macro-control over the operation of seaports: The first focused field is the planning. The government has arranged plans to develop logistics warehouses and logistics facilities in the ports so that the appropriate location in the adjoining areas near the city, next to local transport links and roads the main artery connecting the port city to build the logistics warehouse. The warehouse was built near the country's largest seaport and transportation system seamless. Warehousing systems offer a lot of services such as cooling warehouses, warming warehouses and numerous other storage services. The second area is the completion of the preferential policies, support and encourage the development of port logistics. By improving the system of roads, traffic system upgrade inland waterways, sea and Development of Transport System Link, the government issued a series of policies to encourage as reducing some of the adjustments, established affiliate organizations and provide assistance. The government carried out the sale of land at low prices to build the logistics warehouse. Therefore, many private companies have to borrow money from banks to build logistics warehousing. In addition, Japan also reserved a preferential loan for lending to private companies, to help them complete logistics warehousing systems. The third area is to directly and heavily invest in the construction of seaport logistics warehouse. In 1997, the government has drafted proposals to complete the management plan for logistics, for large funds to build infrastructure for logistics including road, rail, airs and bridges port. Currently Japan has been a seaport logistics system which is planned across the entire territory. The highway system has been completed on all 4 major Japanese islands linking the major seaports. All the islands are connected by bridges and tunnels through the oceans, increasing the connections between seaports. The effectiveness of the seaport system of Japan has surpassed all other countries and become a leading seaport service provider in the world. *China - lessons about synchronous of policies, laws, strategies Although logistics in China has commenced its development only since the late 20th century, it has gained a lot of success. The achievement of the Chinese seaport service is based on the innovation of the management of the state. Many legal documents, policies, strategies, planning and logistics development plan has been issued at the same time and on the right tract by the state. On the other hand, the development of port logistics also received the attention of enterprise investment. Since late 2005, the Chinese government has allowed the establishment of 100% foreign investment enterprises. This has created an opportunity for foreign companies to penetrate deep into the sea port logistics market in China. In addition, China has focused on building and developing uniform components of 973
9. the transport system including road, rail, air and sea connections to seaports. At the same time, China is also interested in building storage systems and development of communication systems. We can say that seaport logistics business in China is developing in depth, to meet every demand of goods courier. Moreover, after joining the WTO, China committed to the distribution centers of industrial products transportation and logistics for foreign businesses. Foreign companies also pledged to use transportation services and logistics are imported from China. Logistics is currently primarily offered in China's air transport services and especially the sea. So far, most of the 3rd party logistics providers have created for themselves a foothold in the Chinese market and the growing number of companies involved in this kind of port logistics. After China has allowed foreign policies establishment of the company with 100% foreign capital, there are many companies that have penetrated port logistics market. These companies operate quite successfully in port logistics market and investment focused systems and modern large warehouse, distribution substation system with wide coverage. To perform its strategic objectives, China has invested heavily to build an international logistics center in the port and strategic location. Thanks to regulate the circulation of goods in the right direction of economic development - social, China has the conditions to develop the seaport system. According to the list of the world's leading container terminal there leading port 7/9 is now in China. With the boom in economy, the demand for port logistics in China keeps growing and this service has demonstrated strong growth of state management in China for logistics seaport on the right direction. *Singapore - logistics door policy for seaports Singapore was the leading country in the management and development of logistics in the Southeast Asian region and the world. Now, logistics services contributes 8% of GDP in Singapore. The strength of the State management of port logistics is the management of the State-level investment in building a reliable supply chain and high efficiency combined with competitive cost. Singapore has invested in building a seaport system which was assessed through the port to attract ships to most Asian region, Singapore had earlier application of information technology in almost all phases of seaport logistics, innovative State management of port logistics with a door policy to simplify administrative procedures relating to export and import operations, customs clearance and transit. 4.2 Lessons learned about state management for port logistics Through a number of lessons about state management of seaport logistics in some countries which have many similarities to Vietnam, the author points out some experience which can be applied to port logistics in Vietnam. The government are aware of the role of port logistics for the development of the country. The government aims to make the seaport area become the center of integrated logistics services experience from leading countries on maritime transport capacity, road, handling, storage, administrative procedures and networking technology combined with outstanding information. 974
10. Developing the same legal framework, consistency is an important condition for the management of government of seaport logistics. This requires legal systems and policies to attract foreign investments into the development of seaport logistics services. We need to establish the National Commission on logistics to connect, unify management, implement key programs and coordinate with other branches more effectively, more central, creating a favorable business environment for seaport logistics services. Also, we should establish the maritime fund to support training of human resources and business development for companies providing logistic services. It is necessary to found the association of seaport logistics services with the mission to support and develop, promote training programs and training with the aim of developing the professional workforce in the field of port logistics services, as one of the items the main focus, with important implications for development strategy seaport logistics. We should encourage domestic companies in joint ventures with foreign firms to set up global logistics system and multinational companies, the international logistics services based in the port area along with investment in infrastructure projects for logistics services which are important, large-scale, modern. We should allow the foundation of logistics services companies with 100% foreign capital. We can use the system of companies providing logistics services to specialize, reduce costs, improve competitiveness, and attract logistics companies and manufacturers, foreign business investment in trading seaport area. Completing the system of roads, traffic system upgrade river transport, sea and reduce road traffic congestion and the development of transportation networks that link. Focus investment in building infrastructure, sea, road, river, rail, and air links as well as information technology infrastructure in order to create favorable conditions for the State management of port logistics services. There should be investment in construction of container terminal systems to attract ships passing in the area and heavy investment in the construction of the center of international logistics services in ports at strategic locations in the territory. We should build management systems of most vehicles transporting automotive system an effective container We should focus on planning development plans arranged dumps logistics warehousing and logistics facilities in the ports sector. It is also necessary to apply information technology in most phases of the port logistics and develop electronic logistics business (E-Logistics); network application gateway (Pornet) for port logistics services with better information management for smoother communication from the carrier, the transport to the delivery of goods and the state management agencies. Conclusion Seaport logistics is a key component of logistics services; therefore effective improvement of our sea port logistics will boost efficiency and increase the 975
11. competitiveness of logistics services in the world economic integration. With these experiences, the lessons about State management of seaport logistics obtained from a number of countries around the world will contribute to Vietnam’s transformation in this field. REFERENCE: 1. Bui Ba Khiem, (2008), Logistics in Vietnam Journal of Development Economics, 131 - 5/2008, pages.25 2. Bui Ba Khiem, (2013), Creation of investment capital to exploit Vietnam's seaport, National Economics University Publishing House. 3. Dr. Sc. Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy (2009), Concept and seaport logistics model, Journal of Marine Science and Technology - No. 17 - 4/2009, page. 67. 4. Prof. Dr. Doan Thi Hong Van (2010), Logistics - The basics, Labour Society Publishing House. 976