Đồng quản lý tài nguyên ven biển để ngư dân có sinh kế bền vững tại thị trấn Phước Hải, tỉnh Bà Rịa Vũng Tàu

Nội dung text: Đồng quản lý tài nguyên ven biển để ngư dân có sinh kế bền vững tại thị trấn Phước Hải, tỉnh Bà Rịa Vũng Tàu

1. COASTAL RESOURCE CO-MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD OF SMALL FISHERIES: THE CASE OF PHUOC HAI TOWN, BA RIA VUNG TAU PROVINCE ĐỒNG QUẢN LÝ TÀI NGUYÊN VEN BIỂN ĐỂ NGƯ DÂN CÓ SINH KẾ BỀN VỮNG TẠI THỊ TRẤN PHƯỚC HẢI, TỈNH BÀ RỊA VŨNG TÀU PhD. Tran Thi Ut - Hoa Sen University Msc. Huynh Thanh - Thu Dau Mot University Abstract The centralized management of coastal resources seems not to be efficient because it does not concern the role and responsibility of the community, especially small scale fishers, who have explored directly those resources for their livelihood. This study aims to understand the management coastal resources and small scale fishery livelihood in Phuoc Hai, Ba Ria Vung Tau province. The model of “Co-management” resources has applied and drawn the lesson to learn in the practice. The study started in 2013 and ended in 2013. Total samples of 149 households, which were broken down into 10 wards of Phuoc Hai town in which the Participatory Action Research was applied and “Sustainable livelihood framework” produced from DFID, UK has been used as a guideline for gathering and analyzing data. Lorenz curve and Gini ratio has used for understanding income distribution and poverty in the project area. The “Co-management” model has been tried to apply in which all stakeholders have linked together in the management. However, to succeed and sustain the effect of the model, it needs time for institutional building and capacity building all stakeholders as well as improving its management mechanism. Key words: Co-management, Sustainable livelihood, Stakeholders, Coastal resources Tóm tắt: Việc quản lý tập trung các nguồn tài nguyên ven biển dường như không hiệu quả vì nó không quan tâm đến vai trò và trách nhiệm của cộng đồng, đặc biệt là quy mô nhỏ ngư dân, những người đã khám phá trực tiếp các nguồn lực này cho sinh kế của họ. Nghiên cứu này nhằm mục đích hiểu về quản lý tài nguyên ven biển và sinh kế nghề cá quy mô nhỏ tại thị trấn PhướcHải, Tỉnh Bà Rịa Vũng Tàu. Mô hình tài nguyên "Đồng quản lý" đã được áp dụng và rút ra bài học để học tập trong thực tế. Nghiên cứu bắt đầu vào năm 2013 và kết thúc vào năm 2013.Tổng số mẫu của 149 hộ gia đình, được chia thành 10 phường của Thị Trấn Phước Hải mà trong đó nghiên cứu hành động có sự tham gia đã được áp dụng và "sinh kế bền vững khuôn khổ "được sản xuất từ DFID, Vương quốc Anh đã được sử dụng làm nguyên tắc thu thập và phân tích dữ liệu. Đường Lorenz và tỷ lệ Gini đã được sử dụng để hiểu thu nhập phân bố và nghèo đói trong khu vực dự án. Mô hình "Đồng quản lý" đã được thử áp dụng trong đó tất cả các bên liên quan đã liên kết với nhau trong việc quản lý. Tuy nhiên, để thành công và duy trì hiệu quả của mô hình, nó cần thời gian để xây dựng thể chế và năng lực xây dựng tất cả các bên liên quan cũng như cải thiện cơ chế quản lý. Từ khóa: Đồng quản lý, Sinh kế bền vững, Các bên liên quan, Tài nguyên ven biển 827
2. Introduction Phuoc Hai is an coastal town in Dat Do district, Ba Ria –Vung Tau province. Its natural profile is at 1,566.97 ha of surface areas, 7.8 km length of coastline and 24,197 people in population. Fishing is the main activity for a community income. However, in recent years, it has got serious problem when small-scale fishermen, who have used fine meshed to catch even tiny fish closing to the coast. Moreover, at that area, there have been a lot of fishing gears with high capacity coming from other provinces to catch marine fish. If this activity continues, coastal resources here would become exhausted in several coming years and climate change will augment certainly. For management of coastal resources here, it seems there is no cooperation between local authorities and the small-scale fishery community, so it faces the problem of over- exploitation and degradation of coastal habitats. This research aims to study how to manage coastal resource efficiency to reduce exploring exhausted natural resources through “co-management” pilot model in Phuoc Hai Town, Dat Do District, Ba Ria Vung Tau Province, Vietnam. Related literature As the problem of doing pressure on the coastal resources from small-scalein Phuoc Hai town, Bailey (1994) on reviewing of labor productivity and income in small scale fisheries of South and South East Asia stated that “small-scale fishers have contributed significantly to the increased pressure on fish stock. Faces with dwindling stocks, many small-scale fishers have begun using increasingly fine meshed nets, putting further pressure on the resource”. Furthermore, they have used poisons and explosives in coral reef fisheries. It is more dangerous and polluting the environment. However, Bailey concluded that small scales fishermen and their families in South and South East Asia are considered to be poorest among the poor, that is a big question for policy makers how to manage coastal resources for small scale fishers to be sustainable livelihood On the management of coastal resources, Viswanathan (1994) has given out that misunderstanding between decision makers and fishermen, the management approach of many governments may be in conflict with local conditions. It is suggested that participatory in management resources or co-management between local authorities and the community would enable small scale fishermen to understand the right and their duty in exploring natural resources by sustainable way . Community-based resource management is one of many possible forms of co- management. Stakeholders may be members of a community or dispersed fishers to live over a wider geographic area and form a ‘community of interest’ in a broader sense (Jentoft and McCay, 1995). The main appeal of co-management activities, and the reason why it is being increasingly proposed as a process of natural resource management because it offers the prospect of relief from some of the more negative aspects of centralized decision-making (Berkes, 1991; Pomeroy and Williams, 1994) 828
3. In the same manner, several researchers also stated that co-management is the sharing of authority and responsibility among government and stakeholders, a de- centralized approach to decision-making that involves user groups as consultants, advisors, or co-equal decision-makers with government (Jentoft, 1989; Pinkerton, 1989; Berkers, 1991). Going further in method for setting co-management system, Berkes (2009); Tompkins and Adger (2004) discussed that co-management is being combined with learning-based approaches or learning by doing. It was formulated as a way to deal with uncertainty and complexity, in place of set management prescriptions. In Vietnam, the centralized management policy (top-down) has showed the failure to manage coastal resources (Pomeroy, Nguyen and Thong, 2009). For management of coastal resources, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment has launched several programs to strengthen management capacity, protection, use and exploitation of natural resources for sustainable development. One of them is the integrated management for provincial level from North Central to Central Coast area of Vietnam up to 2010 and the prospective to 2020 (Decision 158/2007/QĐ-TTg). These programs aim to create legal framework, policy, technical basics to implement integrated management for coastal zone in all provinces, cities of coastal region Recently, World Bank has approved 100 million dollars for the “coastal resources for sustainable development” project in Vietnam. The project has been implementing from 2012 to the beginning of 2018 in 8 provinces (Ca Mau, Soc Trang, Khanh Hoa, Phu Yen, Binh Đinh, Ha Tinh, Nghe An, Thanh Hoa). And, the inshore fishing co-management model is an action program of the project (Word Bank, 2013). Data and methods This is the Participatory Action Research (PAR) which involves researchers, fishery households and related local organization and local authorities in defining problems of the coastal resource management in Phuoc Hai as well as coming up with solutions to the problems, and then putting them into practice. Qualitative data The study applied a few participatory tools to collect qualitative data from the community. The “Problem tree” and the “Objective tree” tool has been used to identify problems of the natural resources management which the community had been encountering and what goals they wanted to achieve. The SWOT matrix was to evaluate the potential resources of the community and external environment impacts to the community. The role of local related organizations authorities and the level of their influence in the community were analyzed by the Venn diagram. Quantitative data The approach “Sustainable livelihood framework” by Department for International Development (DFID) introduced in 1999 was applied to collect information and survey the current livelihood of local fishers. The main point of the sustainable livelihoods framework is that small sclale fishers to handle their household’s five capital resources including: Human capital, Nature capital, Financial Capital, Social Capital, and Physical Capital in 829
4. the context of limited condition by two major factors, vulnerabilities (Shocks, trends, season, ) and policies or institutions (Fig. 1). The study surveyed 149 fishery households in 10 wards of Phuoc Hai town and used the framework to evaluate their livelihood. Source: Department for International Development ( DFID) Figure 1. Sustainable livelihoods framework, DFID Analzing approached Qualitative data was analyzed by the participatory tools such as Venn Diagram, SWOT matrix, and so on. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data. Lorenz Curve and Gini Ratio were examined unequal distribution of income and distribution of investment in fishing. Results and discussion Current coastal resource management. Initially, for understanding the management of coastal resources under point of view of government perspective, the meeting at the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ba Ria- Vung Tau (DARD) was organized with the participation of related officials at all levels of province, district, and commune. Results from this meeting have shown that the current situation management at the project area has got a problem. All of the presentative agree that an serious illegal fishing at the project area, this problem should be solved. Figure 2. Meeting at DARD and community level 830
5. The problem: illegal fishing from outsiders . There are two groups of fishers from other regions coming and catching fish at Phuoc Hai sea region. Time line information has withdrawn from group discussion at community level to show that problem has happened from April to October of Luna calendar every year, a group of fishers coming from Tien Giang province (Mekong delta region) have used trawler with fine-meshed nets to operate inshore fishing. Thus, they have a very incidence by catching, of which a large proportion of undersized, immature specimens of commercially valuable.The other groups have come from several communes nearby Phuoc Hai town. Every year, from March to August of Lunar calendar, they have used explosive to catch fish although inshore area is the place for fish to lay eggs, that would exterminate all species. The result pointed out that all illegal fishing by outsiders would make loss of 70% revenue for local fishermen, and their fishing facilities were destroyed by trawlers (Figure 3) Figure 3. Time line Confront from that problem, small scale fishers from Phuoc Hai town recognized that this situation has happened due to the lack of their awareness in self-organized to protect the environment. Besides, several stakeholders from government organizations which did not respond to the problem properly, especially the fish controlled department (Figure 4) Figure 4. Venn diagram and problem tree 831
6. People livelihood and income distribution Guided by DFID Sustainable Livelihood Framework, five resource capital information from small scale fishers has been collected. Likely other coastal zone in Southeast Asia (Kenneth Ruddle, ICLARM, 1994), in human capital, almost livelihood strategy of people in Phuoc Hai is inshore fishing (79.9%) but an alternative job is scared due to low education level. Almost of them are belong to elementary level group (3.37 years at school) with largely percentage of illiteracy (34%). Physical capital is not so high invested. It is around $US 2,350.8 for fishing gear, $US 667.7 for fishing motorized coracles and other fishing material such as bag net, tangle net, drift net, gill net, seine net, by average value at $US775.5. In financial capital, people in the studied site has asked for financing their activity from multi of sources, its average value is about US$ 706.3 from banking system, $US 372 from local government organization, US$ 733.3 from their relatives or friends and $US 1053.8 from private money lender. With household size is about 4.41, income per capita per year get around US$1,548.3. People share a community natural capital with the surface area at 7.8 km (Table 1). Table 1. Capital sources for livelihood strategies from selected household samples Capital sources Indicator Unit Avg. amount Household size Person 4.41 Age Year 35.3 Edu. Status Year 3.37 Human capital Illiteracy rate % 34 Inshore fishing % 79.9 Fishery Experience Year 14.2 Fishing gear US$ 2350.8 Physical capita Fishing motorized coracles US$ 667.7 Other material (net ) 775.5 Income per capita/year US$ 1548.3 Bank loans US$ 706.3 Financial capital Other org. loans US$ 372.0 Friends & relative loans US$ 733.3 Private money lender US$ 1053.8 Natural capital Fishing areas Km 7.8 Source: Intensive survey data, March 2013 People income and livelihood Main income source of fisher households at Phuoc Hai town is the value of fish to catch inshore of father and son by using motorized coracles every day. To do this activity, an average cost is around US$ 4.1 per day and its net return is around at US$ 21.5. Excluding some days they cannot work, due to bad weather, this activity lasts 25 days a month and 11 months per year. By that way, income per capita is around at US$ 1548.3 annually. 832
7. Gini concentration income ratio is measured at 0.32 while it is 0.48 for physical capital investment distribution (Figure 5). This results can explain that the gap of investment for equipment distribution is larger than the gap in income distribution. It seems to be investing more in equipment was not corresponding with the changes in income. However, in order to increase amount of marine fish catching, DARD of Ba Ria –Vung Tau province have planned to fund for fishermen to invest more on their gear for offshore fishing, by the above results, this plan may not be successful except coastal resources will be well management, well controlling the problem of illegal fishing at this area Figure 5. Income and Capital investment distribution (Lorenz curve) Measuring of poverty. By the poverty threshold at 2 dollars a day, the head count ratio shows that there is 14.76 percent of fishermen in selected household to live at lower poverty line. The poverty gap index for measuring the extent to which individuals fall below the poverty is at 3.5% and a severity poverty index (FGT index) is at 1.42% (Table 2) Table 2. Comparison between income distribution and Capital investment distribution of selected household Income group Income per capita (%) Capital investment per capita (%) Bottom 40% 20.96 17.3 Middle 40% 37.59 36.67 Top 20% 41.45 46.02 Top 10% 26.13 30.23 Gini concentration ratio 0.32 0.48 Head count ratio 14.76 (< US$2/day) Income gap ratio (%) 3.5 FGT index of poverty 1.42 Source: Intensive data survey, March, 2013 833
8. Resources Co-management issue Through provincial, district, and commune workshops, research group have introduced co-management concept for local fishermen, stakeholders, and especially different related department representatives. These stakeholders have been also requested to present on exploitation, catch issues obtaining on Phuoc Hai fishing ground, as well as development activities and future resolutions. (Figure 6) Figure 6. Co management issues Co-management model Phuoc Hai fishery co-management model has been discussed with fishermen community. It is suggested that the Phuoc Hai fishery co-management area will be inside the local fishing grounds, which is enlarged for 15 nautical miles in length and 5 knots in rear. In this area, an efficient fishing regulations and livelihood support will be considered as local community discussions, in which, it is very necessary to limit some particular fishing gears such as trawling nets. All stakeholders have suggested that it is only allowed for fishing coracle, local boats such as “Do Nan”, “Xong” to run with fishing gears of shrimp nets, sardine nets, ribbon fish nets, and swimming crab nets. Co-management institutional building Although information resources collected from provincial, district, common stakeholders are largely perceived general macro, policy, and those collected from fishermen are directly focused on the community life, daily works, they have to follow several aspects: (a) Integrated management where benefit sharing mechanism need to be applied for all various stakeholders; (b) Local fishing activities should be managed according to fishing gears, ground, season, and target resources; (c) Fishermen strongly need supports for awareness raising and capacity building in local fishery management activities; (d) Almost fishermen have been depended heavily in inshore catching because they cannot reach the long distant fishing grounds while in limitation of of investing in finance, technique, and human sources; (e) Fishermen have been realized destructive impacts caused by trawling, high intense light fishing gears along the coastal grounds. Phuoc Hai survey and proposed fishery co-management preliminary reports include local social economic investigation results, community based fishery management suggestions, harmonized participatory natural resources and environment strategy. The 834
9. organization of Co-management coastal resources at Phuoc Hai region can be as the (Figure 7). Figure 7. Co-management organization The Phuoc Hai Co-management Board will be supervised under DARD and Co- Management Steering. Self managed co-management teams are requested not only for taking care their fishing group themselves, but also provide information observed and coordinate with functional forces for marine resources protection. Moreover, local people fervently called for equipment support and cooperation from border guards and marine protection agencies with community volunteer bodies to patrol and control the co- management fishing grounds. Provincial border guards and marine resources protection department should direct and facilitate fishery co-management in localities. Fishermen participated in co-management activities need to complete daily logbook on illegal fishing information, and be also responsible for co-management regulation violation records. Co- management participants need to have study tours to other pilot co-management models in the region or in the country, as well as obtain education and capacity building services. What to do for co-management For doing co-management coastal resources in Phuoc Hai town, several workshops have organized from provincial level to fishery community for finding out which activities belong to stakeholders in reality Building temporary regulations The temporary regulations issued by the steering committee and the community co- management groups in order to identify responsibilities and works for all members in the committee and the community groups, these temporary regulations are approved by the Phuoc Hai town People’s Committee. The temporary regulations on fishery activities and habitat resources co- management have been built for being clearing indicate the Phuoc Hai inshore co- management area, target resources, fishing methods, limited and permitted activities in this 835
10. area according to the community agreements, and approved by the town People’s Committee. For setting up the fishing border, the fishery co-management steering committee and the community co-management group organized a field trip for GPS location identification of the fishery co-management area borders. Figure 8. The community co-management group and the related stakeholder representatives are taking a GPS location read. Establishing local co-management group: The four fishery co-management groups in Loc An, Hai Lac, Hai Phuc and Phuoc Trung villages have been established , which are gathered for 20 members (5 member per villages), in which the village head is also a leader of the village co-management group. Communication activities: 198 leaflets on the temporary fishery activities and habitat resources co-management regulations have delivered inside and outside fishing boats areas. The Phuoc Hai fishery co-management regulations’ contents have been broadcasted on the town media network for 28 records in 16 hours. Controlling activities: The fishery co-management steering committee and the community fishery co-management groups have collaborated with functional agencies for patrolling, law enforcement of violated fishing boats in the co-management area. During September and October, 2013, there were 22 patrolling and enforcement mission, in which there were 31 violated fishing boats were punished. Government fund of 15,480,000 dong for implementing co-management activities during the period from July to October, 2013 has released. Conclusion The pilot model co-management of coastal resources has implemented in Phuoc Hai town, Dat Do District, Ba Ria Vung Tau Province, Vietnam since January 2013 to December 2013. The most remarkable results are to identify fisheries co-management model, management targets and methods, and indicators for monitoring capture fisheries activities. The model resulted in a high level of consensus being reached among community members. The regulations for fisheries co-management zones should be 836
11. established and the need to build fishery co-management steering committee and co- management groups Co-management committee and co-management groups started conducting several activities, including awareness raising on fisheries co-management, drafting regulations on local co-management zones, patrolling at sea, co-management report, and others. In particular, by their participation in patrolling at sea, local fishers and stakeholders have updated on the fishery management status in the coastal waters of their own commune. Fisheries co-management has enhanced the responsibility and duties of local fishers in collaboration with the State in coastal fisheries management. However, for successfully, the issues of capacity building and institutional building should be trained for local authorities and small fishers to joint properly the co-management activities. REFERENCES Bailey, C.,1994. Employment, labour productivity and Income in Small-scale fisheries of South and Southeast Asia. Socio-Economic Issues in Coastal Fisheries Management- Proceeding of those IPFC Symposium held in conjunction with the Twenty- fourth Session of IPFC. Bankok, Thailand, 23-26 November, 1993. Berkes, F.,1991. Co-management: The evolution in theory and practice of the joint administration of living resources. Alternatives, 18(2): 12-18. Berkes, F., 2009. Evolution of co-management: Role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(5): 1692-1702. Jentoft, S., 1989. Fisheries co-management: delegating responsibility to fishermen’s organizations. Marine Policy, 13(2): 137-154. Jentoft, S and McCay, B., 1995. User participation in fisheries management: lessons drawn from international experiences. Marine Policy, 19(3): 227-246. Pinkerton, E., 1989. Cooperative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press Pomeroy, R. and Williams, M. J., 1994. Fisheries Co-Management and Small Scale Fisheries: A policy brief. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources. Pomeroy, R., Nguyen, K. A., and Thong, H. X., 2009. Small-scale marine fisheries policy in Vietnam. Marine Policy, 33(2): 419-428. Tompkins, E.L and Adger, W.L, 2004. Does adaptive managerment of natural resources enhance resilience to climate change?. Ecology and Society, 9(2) Viswanathan, K and Abdullah,N.M.R.,1994. Planning and management of small-scale coastal fisheries, p.115-123. In R.S. Pomeroy (ed.). Community management and common property of coastal fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, methods and experiences. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 45, 189. 837
12. DFID, 1999. Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. London: Departerment for International Development. Văn phòng Chính phủ, 2007. Quyết định 158/TTg: Phê duyệt chương trình quản lý tổng hợp dải ven biển vùng Bắc Trung Bộ và Duyên hải Trung Bộ đến năm 2010 và định hướng đến năm 2020. Hà Nội, ngày 10 tháng 7 năm 2007. World Bank, 2013. Vietnam. Additional Financing for the Coastal Resources for Sustainable Development Project. Washington DC: World Bank. 838