Labour productivity at vietnam

Nội dung text: Labour productivity at vietnam

1. LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY AT VIETNAM Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thanh Hieu Assoc. Prof. Dao Thi Phuong Lien Dr. Le Thi Thuy Faculty of Political Theory, National Economics University; Faculty of Political Economics, Academy of Journalism and Communication, Vietnam. Email: hieunt@neu.edu.vn, liendp@neu.edu.vn, lethuy.ef.ajc@gmail.com Abstract Vietnam's labor productivity has improved significantly over the past few years; however the productivity gap between Vietnam and other countries continues to increase. The article generalizes labor productivity in the classical works of Marxism - Leninism; presents the current situation labor productivity in Vietnam, explains the causes of low labor productivity; and proposes solutions to improve labor productivity for the State, enterprises and workers. Keywords: Labour productivity, Labour productivity at Vietnam; Causes of low labour productivity; Solutions to increase labour productivity at Vietnam. 1. Introduction When discussing about the value amount of goods, Marx indicated how labour productivity affects the value of a product unit: “the higher the productive power of labour is spent, the less hours it will take to make a product; andthe smaller the amount of labour-power spent on a product, the less value the product has”. Regarding factors influencing labour productivity, Marx wrote: “The change of labour hours spent on producing goods depends on the change of productive power of labour; this productive power depends on different factors including average proficiency of workers, the development of science and the technical application of science, social combinations of production processes, the scope and effects of the production materials and the natural conditions” (Karl Marx and Frederick Engels,Collected Works,National Political PublishingHouse, Hanoi, 1993, Volume 23, page 62-65). According to Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, in any socialist revolution, "Another fundamental mission with the highest priority is establishing a social regime that is higher than capitalism. This mission is improvement of labour productivity”. Improvement of labour productivity requires the industrial infrastructure, people with high level of education and culture, effective discipline of employees, skills and 588
2. ingenuity of labours (Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Collected Works, Progress Publishing House, Moscow, 1976, Volume 36, page 228-232). According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), labor productivity is measured by the number of completed products and services made for a labor unit involved in production activities. In particular, the completed products and services made for the economy are the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Labour involved in production activities brings out GDP which reflects the time, effort and skills of the workforce; and is often calculated by working labour. In Vietnam, Social Labor Productivity is an indicator of the National Statistical Indicator System (stipulated in the Law of Statistics), measured by the average GDP per worker working in the year. This calculation is completely consistent with current international practice. There have been a number of research projects on labor productivity in Vietnam over the past few years. Particularly, the "Vietnam’s Productivity Report 2017" gives readers information on productivity indicators and their relationships with other macroeconomic indicators, current labor productivity situation of the whole economy and economic sectors. This report also analyzes the factors affecting Vietnam’s productivity, and compares it with some Asian countries. 2. Research Methods and Approaches The research was based on secondary documents collected from reputable organizations such as the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, the International Labour Organization and foreign economic research organizations to determine the current labor productivity in Vietnam; then used the statistical and comparative analysis method combined with data analysis and processing to find out the reasons of inhibited productivity and to propose solutions for improving labor productivity in Vietnam in the coming period. 3. Results 3.1. Current situation of labour productivity at Vietnam In the Seminar on Vietnamese Economy in the first 9 months of 2015, which was held on September 11th 2015, the research team of the National Economics University emphasized that labour productivity in Vietnam was only higher than Cambodia’s while the total factor labour productivity (TFP) was very low. In fact, Vietnam’s labour productivity lags behind that of countries which have similar economic development such as Thailand. According to the report, with the productivity growth rates of Vietnam and Thailand at the present, until 2069 the Vietnamese labour productivity will have caught up with Thailand’s. Particularly, 589
3. Vietnamese labour productivity is 18 times lower than Singapore’s, 11 times lower than South Korea’s, 7 times lower than Malaysia’s, 3 times lower than Thailand’s and China’s, 2 times lower than Indonesia’s and Philippines. The total factor labour productivity of Vietnam is approximately equal to Laos and 36.4% higher than Combodia’s. Unit: USD/hour 49.5 50 45 38.4 40 35 30 24.4 25 20.5 20 9.9 15 10 6.9 10 5.5 3.4 5 1.8 0 Chart 1: Labour Productivity by Hour of Countries in 2012 Source: Research Team of The National Economics University If the labor productivity is measured by GDP per hour worked; in 2012, a Singapore employee could make 49.5 USD of added value per hour while a Vietnamese employee could only make 3.4 USD of added value per hour. The research result from the International Labor Organization (ILO) showed that in 2012, the average wage of an Vietnamese employee was 181 USD per month, which was higher than a Laotian employee (119 USD), a Cambodian employee (121 USD), an Indonesian employee (174 USD) but which was 19.5 times lower than a Singapore employee (3,547 USD), 3.6 times lower thana Malaysian employee, 1.9 times lower than a Thailand employee, 1.1 times lower than a Philippine employee. It was assumed that if Vietnam and these regional countries still maintained their average productivity growth rate of the period 2007-2012; Vietnam would be able to catch up with the labour productivity of Philippines until 2038 and Thailand until 2069. 590
4. Table 1: Labour Productivities and Wages of Employees from ASEAN Countries in 2012 Unit: 1.000 USD. Country Labour Productivity Wage Singapore 96.573 3.547 Malaysia 35.018 609 Thailand 14.446 357 Philippines 9.571 206 Indonesia 9.486 174 Vietnam 5.239 141 Laos 5.115 119 Campuchia 3.797 121 Myanmar 2.683 75 Source: The International Labour Organization (ILO). According to the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, the productivity of the whole economy at current price of 2017 reached VND 93.2 million per labour (which is equivalent to USD 4,166 per labour). Calculated by the comparative price in 2010, the labour productivity of the whole economy in 2017 increased by 6% compared to 2016; the average productivity for the period of 2011-2017 increased by 4.7% per year. The Vietnamese labour productivity has had a considerable improvement with a steady increase over the last few years. Vietnam is one of the countries having high growth rate of labour productivity in ASEAN. In the period of 2007- 2016, the Vietnamese labour productivity based on 2011 purchase power parity (PPP 2011) increased by 4.2% per year. This average growth rate of productivity was higher than Singapore’s (1.5% per year), Malaysia’s (1.9% per year), Thailand’s (2.5% per year), Indonesia’s (3.5% per year) and Philippines (2.8% per year). However, the current Vietnamese labour productivity is still lower than other regional countries. Based on PPP 2011, the Vietnamese labour productivity in 2016 reached 9,894 USD, which was equal to 7%, 17.6%, 36.5%, 42.3% and 56.7% of figures for Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines, respectively. Remarkably, the gap between Vietnamese labour productivity and those of other regional countries is getting larger. It shows that Vietnamese economy has to deal with a lot of challenges in catching up with the labour productivity of other countries. 591
5. Unit: million VND/labour 93.2 100 84.5 90 79.4 74.7 80 68.7 70 63.1 55.2 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Chart 2: Vietnamese Labour Productivity in the period 2011-2017 Source: The General Statistics Officice of Vietnam According to the report, although the Vietnamese labour productivity in the period of 2006-2012 decreased from 4.05% (in 2006) to 3.06% (in 2012), this figure had a strong growth in the period of 2012-2017 which reached 5.3% per year. However, a comparison with Northeast Asian countries of Japan, South Korea and China and member nations of the ASEAN bloc, including Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia and Cambodia, shows that the labour productivity of Vietnam’s nine industries barely made it out of the bottom group. 3.2. Causes of low labour productivity in Vietnam At the present, Vietnam has many "bottlenecks" at both macro and micro levels, making the labor productivity have low increase. 3.2.1. From the State Vietnam and other countries have a very different starting point from the perfection level of the law and the structure of the economy. The backward technology, the inadequacies in the business environment and insufficient cumulative investment for development in Vietnam make the national GDP not increase. Fristly, the scale of economy in each country depends on the proportions of sectors or industries which bring in high GDP and on the number of their employees. In Vietnam, the structure of sectors in the economy and the internal structure of each sector are backward. Argriculture sector has low labour productivity, but has large portion while service and industrial sectors bringing in high GDP have low 592
6. portion. According to the General Statistics Office in 2018; the agriculture, forestry and fishery sector; industry and construction sector; service sector and product taxes minus product subsidies accounted for 14.57%, 34.28%, 41.17% and 9.98% of the total GDP respectively. Within the spearhead industries; high technology sector, modern services such as finance and tourism only have low proportion; which leads to the low GDP scale. In the agricultural sector, the proportion of labour from agricultural, forestry and fishery sector decreased from 49.5% in 2010 to 40.3% in 2017, but was still higher than that of the service and industrial sectors. This is also a reason why the scale of economy cannot increase. The slow transition of economic structure from agriculture with low labor productivity to industries and services with higher labor productivity also has a significant impact on increasing the national labor productivity. The model of economic development mainly based on capital and resources, has resulted in very low gray matter level and low value in products. Secondly, outdated machinery, equipment, technology and technical facilities limit the increase of labor productivity. Industrial machinery and equipment are the most powerful means of improving labor productivity. However, statistics show that only 2% of Vietnam's equipment reaches high tech level. 8% of Vietnam’s equipment has average level. Over 80% of the equipment made in the 1960-1970s is outdated. After more than 30 years of attracting foreign investment, advanced technology from FDI enterprises transferred to Vietnam is only 20% while the rest is medium and outdated technology. Thirdly, the business environment and competitiveness in Vietnam has been improved but still lower than regional other countries. The bureaucracy is still cumbersome. The number of government agencies has been reduced. However, internal apparatus of the ministries and the general departments has not decreased. The qualification of civil servants has not met the requirements of the renovation and global integration. In administrative reform, there are many unreasonable and complicated procedures, causing difficulties for enterprises and people. The time spent on some administrative procedures has been reduced, but are still higher than the average level of ASEAN-6 countries. The 2013 business environment report released by the World Bank showed that Vietnamese enterprises spent 872 hours each year paying taxes and insurance; much higher than regional and global averages. Vietnam was ranked 149th among 189 countries and territories in terms of tax convenience. According to the World Bank’s Doing Business 2019 Report which has just been announced on October 31, Vietnam’s tax payment index is 62.87, increasing 1.25 points compared to the Doing Business Report 2018. According to WB's 593
7. assessment, the time spent on paying taxes of Vietnam is 498 hours per year (including 351 hours on paying taxes and 147 hours on paying social insurances). The above situation has explained the development of Vietnam's economy for recent years; and also explained a decrease of Vietnam's competitiveness index in the international arena. In 2008-2009, Vietnam was ranked 70th among 133 countries in terms of competitiveness index. However, in 2009-2010, the country fell to 75th. The report of the World Economic Forum showed that in 2014, Vietnam was ranked 68th of 144 economies. Compared to other ASEAN countries, Viet Nam’s was behind Singapore’s second position, Malaysia (20th), Thailand (31st) and the Philippines (52nd). The Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016 showed that Vietnam was ranked 56th of 140 economies. For recent years, Vietnam’s competitiveness has been improved slightly, but still lower than other regional countries. It is shown at the following chart. 120 112 109110 110 100 7477 80 68 6462 60 56 47 40 45 2017 38 40 2018 26 25 20 2 2 0 Chart 3: Global Competitiveness of ASEAN countries in 2017-2018 Source: The Global Competitiveness Report 2017-2018 Fourthly, the level of organization, management and efficiency of using resources is still inadequate. Management capacity at macro and enterprise levels is still limited. Besides, there are also some "bottlenecks" in institutional and administrative reforms. The total factor productivity (TFP) has still contributed a relatively small proportion of Vietnam’s GDP growth. This figure of Vietnam only reached 4.3% in the period of 2001-2010 while South Korea’s reached 51,3%; Malaysia’s reached 36.2%; Thailand’s reached 36,1%; China’s reached 35,2%; and India reached 31,1%. In the period of 2011-2015, the contribution of Vietnam’s TFP to the GDP growth increased, but was still at the low rate (33.58%) while the contribution of capital was 51,20% and the contribution of labour was 15,22%. 594
8. The contribution proportion of TFP to the GDP growth reflects the low level of knowledge and the organizational, management awareness in the production and business of Vietnamese labor force, which cannot meet the requirements of modern production. The public sectors have privilege in using assets, capital and resources, but public investment in general and most of state-owned enterprises are inefficient. The productivity of the domestic private sector has been drastically reduced, making this sector as inefficient as the state sector. Meanwhile, FDI is playing an increasing role; but there is no connection between FDI and domestic enterprises, causing a limited increase in labor productivity. 3.2.2. From enterprises and employees The number of Vietnamese enterprises is moderate; but the majority of them have small, scattered and outdated scale. Therefore, they cannot play a role to improve labor productivity and economic growth. Until the beginning of 2018, there were about 702,000 enterprises in Vietnam. Nearly 98% of them were small and medium enterprises, 66.2% of which were micro enterprises. With small scale, moderate capital and lack of market information, these enterprises were not able to improve the labor productivity. The enterprise sector which plays a very important role in raising labor productivity of the whole economy, is not really a driving force for the growth of labor productivity of the economy. The result from the enterprise survey shows that the average labor productivity of the entire enterprisesector in 2015 at current price reached 254.6 million VND per labor, 3.2 times higher than the labor productivity of the whole economy. However, the growth was lower than the increase of general labor productivity. In the period of 2011-2015, the average labor productivity in the enterprise sector (at current price) increased by 5.1% per year while the average labor productivity of the whole economy increased by 9.5% per year. In the knowledge economy, the outdated science and technology is also a significant obstacle for the requirement of increasing labor productivity. At the seminar on "Safe and High-quality Products - Improving Competitiveness in The Development of Economic Integration" taking place on May 13, 2015; the representative of the Ministry of Science and Technology said most of domestic enterprises were using technology lagging behind the average level in the world. The level of outdated and very outdated equipment accounted for 52% while the modern equipment level was only 10% and the average equipment level was 38%. Particularly, in small production areas, outdated and very outdated equipment accounted for 70%. 595
9. The serious shortage of skilled labor and surplus of unskilled labor is happening in all industries and economic sectors. The above situation has greatly affected the development speed of many industries.The logistics industry in Vietnam has been developing rapidly. There were only a few state-owned logistics companies in the early 1990s; but at the present more than 600 companies have been established and operating across the country. Human resources at the level of technical expert for logistics markets are severely deficient. According to the 2014 report on unemployment and jobs of the Institute of Labor Sciences and Social Affairs at the Autumn Economic Forum 2014, by the end of the second quarter of 2014, there were still over 43,760 million people, accounting for 81.75% of the labour force, were not well trained. The number of well trained laborwith technical and professional qualifications was modest, accounting for about 18.25% of the total number of employees. This figure has increased very slowly (14.7% in 2010). In 2012, the result from the survey on the ability of graduates from universities of seven Southeast Asean countries including Vietnam to meet the skill needs of employers, released by the World Bank, showed that Vietnamese graduates did not have enough good working attitude, creativity, information technology, leadership and prolem solving skills. The report on Development of Vietnam in 2014 indicated that the majority of employers thought that recruitment was difficult because candidates did not have appropriate skills ("insufficientskills") or because of the shortage of labour in a number of occupations ("lack of skilled workers"). The survey of ILSSA-Manpower in 2013 also showed a similar situation. Nearly 30% of FDI enterprises had to face difficulties in recruiting direct workers and office workers. Most of direct workers and worshop supervisors did not have awareness of quality control, punctuality and reliability (30%). The following missing skills are flexibility, team working, learning and applying new technology, basic computer skills. This reflects the fact that the quality of training and education in our country is low; labor in Vietnam is working in positions that require higher or even lower training levels than their existing skills (redundant or insufficient skills). The working environments in many Vietnamese enterprises are not profesional. A lot of employers believe that their decisions are all above and are not good at motivating their employees to develope creativity. Many enterprises do not even recognize the achievement of their employees instead of appreciating them. The most important things for many enterprises is investment capital, consumption market, and minimization of necessary costs to increase profits. They rarely focus on creating conditions to reproduce their employees' labour. A lot of employers consider labour price as a criterion for a base. Besides, they manage and organize their labour 596
10. resources unscientifically. As a result, works arise from labour while right labour should be chosen for works. Vietnamese workers are always considered as creative, intelligent and hard- working people. However, their weakness is lack of discipline and industrial mindset although they have been living for more than 30 years of global integration; and are currently living in the era of industrial revolution 4.0. 4. Solutions to increase labour productivity at Vietnam 4.1. For the State Vietnam needs to develop a long-term and overall strategy to improve labor productivity, which must start from the economic development model. It is necessary to change the economic development model based on capital, natural resources and cheap labour; to transform the economic growth from resource exploitation to green and sustainable growth. This change will create a higher value of gray matter, which accounts for a higher percentage of the cost of products, thereby contributing to increase GDP for the country in the long term. Labor productivity can increase through a stronger economic restructuring path, from agriculture and low-end service sectors to manufacturing and high-end service industries. It is important to clearly identify the competitive advantages to invest in some major industries, and to avoid spreading investment; remove barriers for labour movement between industries, sectors, between rural and urban areas. The State should put priority on measures of labour productivity increase and improvement of job quality in agriculture. Besides, the agricultural sector must be restructured in market orientation, commercialized and less dependent on the State's intervention. If the products do not have stable output and cannot be sold, the added value cannot be high. Moreover, it is essential to take advantage of foreign trade opportunities, and effectively participate in global value supply chains. Some sectors that promise to bring high added value to Vietnam are in IT outsourcing, data processing and other outsourcing industries. The processing, manufacturing and service industries must be developed strongly in order to transfer labour from agriculture to industrial and service sectors which bring out high value. Industrial sectors must also transform their labour-based manufacture into technology-based manufacture to make products with high added value. It is necessary to expand the coverage of social welfare, including the national unemployment insurance mechanism. This measure will help to reduce the effects of economic structural shift and to support employees to work with higher productivity. It is necessary to improve the protection of migrant workers and systems for recognizing their skills, especially in the sectors in which the number of workers having low and medium skills account for a high proportion such as construction sector. 597
11. The Vietnamese Government should also restructure the economic model towards narrowing the scope of operation of inefficient state-owned enterprises, transferring incentives from state-owned enterprises to the domestic private sector having better labor productivity. Then these state-owned enterprises need a comprehensive reform. In fact, the policy of minimum wage is counterproductive. Low wages cause low labor productivity. This policy allows employers to pay their worker an amount within the legal minimum wage. Therefore, it is reasonable to let the market decide the wage and not apply the above policy. The macroeconomic environment must be stabilized; the market economic institution and investment environment must be improved. The quality of infrastructureneeds improving. Enterprises need a clear and open legal framework. Administrative procedures must continue to be improved much more to meet the requirements of increasing productivity. Regarding education and training, it is necessary to renovate the programs and methods in universities or higher education institutions. Especially, in vocational education, students should be trained more skills that meet the needs of labour market. A model of human resource training in cooperation between schools, enterprises and scientific and technological research institutes should be built. Besides, the mechanism for this model is also necessary to achieve efficiency in life. The government should focus on efficiently coordinating the national financial resources and avoid the scattered investments (schools were built, but there were not students). The current investment efficiency is not high; having no focus, no focal point and not being attached to the process of economic restructuring. It is also essential to strongly reform the financial mechanism for human resource training, expanding autonomy for training institutions. However, accountability from these institutions must be demanded. It is important to have a national program of skill development for enterprises with a leading role in strengthening national competitiveness. The government should have a strong financial mechanism to encourage enterprises to develop skills for their employees; to have remuneration policy and to improve their working conditions. Boosting privatization in training vocational skills as many other developed countries have done is also considered. The training system for skill development should be strengthened. The secondary education and vocational training should be improved to meet the increasing demand for workers with average skills. 598
12. Creativity is one of the most important competencies in the modern world. Therefore, it is necessary to build a creative society and to encourage creativity to improve the labour productivity. Even small initiative and creation need nourishing by the society; so the labor productivity will be higher. Creativity, risk acceptance, persistence, no compromise on quality and devotion are essential qualities in life and competition, which must be trained for employees. It is necessary to explore educational methods to help employees form and develop these qualities. However, in order to promote creativity, intellectual property rights must be protected by law. In countries having high labor productivity; high-ranking leaders, managers of enterprises and their employees try to find a way of boosting the productivity. Therefore, in Vietnam, participation of the whole society is also needed. 4.2. For enterprises and their employees The enterprise sector plays a very important role in the economy. Thus, improving the labor productivity in the enterprise sector will play a decisive role in raising the labor productivity of the whole economy. According to the ILO survey on enterprises in ASEAN, about 92% of enterprises said that in order to improve labor productivity, it was necessary to train and improve the qualification of the staff. However, improving management capacity and leading the management team are really the solutions that bring out the highest efficience. Initiative and determination are very important for enterprises. It is important to raise the awareness of the management and director boardson the role of increasing labor productivity for enterprises. Increasing labor productivity is a decisive factor to enhance the competitiveness of businesses not only in the short term. Enterprises should assess themselves their level of science, technology and production organization in order to have solutions to improve their scientific level, apply advanced and modern technologies to the production. They should also encourage the business community, especially small and medium enterprises to innovate, create and support structural shift from activities with low added value to activities with high added value by strengthening human capital and spending more on research and development. Encouraging enterprises to invest in science and technology is an important factor to improve productivity and product quality. The improvement of the scientific level and the application of advanced technologies to the production and business process also depend on the budget of the Enterprise; but the role of organization of scientific and reasonable production depends much on the will of the business management and administration apparatus. 599
13. Organizing the labour scientifically and reasonably does not cost too much, but will bring out economic efficiency if the head of the unit or Enterprise pays more attention to implement it. Technological innovation plays an important role in increasing labor productivity. Newer and better technology will bring more efficiency. However, technological innovation is not the most important thing. Human resources is the most important factor because the work efficiency will not be hight if modern machines are manupulated byunqualified workers. According to studies by experts, if two enterprises have the same technology but one enterprise creates a work environment that satisfies the employees, their products will be more different than the other enterprise. Enterprises need to build a working environment that can motivate their employees to actively improve their productivity and efficiency. Managers need to set up a system encouraging their employees to increase the labor productivity. All comments of employees must be received by the high- level managers to improve the production process and to boost the work efficiency. It is necessary to promote the internal strength of enterprises, the ability of employees and especially the spirit of solidarity for the goal of development. In order to improve the quality of management and administration apparatus of enterprises; the recruitment, allocation, usage and management of human resources must be changed first. It is important to select the qualified people with good working attitue. Moreover, it is necessary to focus on training employees to improve their leadership and professional competencies that are suitable to each job position. The cost of training to improve the competency of the management and administration apparatus is an investment that brings out economic efficiency to the present and future of enterprises. Besides, salary policy must be reasonable; so that salary is really an economic leverage to increase labor productivity. Enterprises need to distribute ownership to their employees by issuing shares to them and paying them dividend. Enterprises must also help the employees raise their awareness about the role of increasing labor productivity. The employees must understand that increasing labor productivity is a decisive factor to improve their legitimate income. It is necessary to change the mindset of Vietnamese workers. Particularly, workers must aware that they are responsible for the development of their enterprises; and are also co-owners of the enterprises. Workers need to have self- management in their knowledge, work, and skills. They pay salary to themselves from the efficiency of work. 600
14. 5. References 1. Ministry of Science and Technology (2015), Seminar on "Safe and High-quality Products - Improving Competitiveness in The Development of Economic Integration". 2. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 1993, Volume 23, page 62-65. 3. The World Economic Forum (2014, 2015, 2018), Global Competitiveness Report. 4. National Economics University (2015), Vietnam Economic Conference in the first 9 months of 2015, labour productivity and total factor labour productivity (TFP). 5. 5.Nguyen Thi Lan Huong(2014), Unemployment Issues and Jobs: Situations and Solutions, Autumn Economic Forum 2014. 6. World Bank (2012), Survey results on the ability of graduates from universities of seven Southeast Asean countries including Vietnam to meet the skill needs of employers 7. World Bank (2018), Report on the 2018 business environment. 8. World Bank (2013), Report on the 2013 business environment. 9. International Labour Organization (2015), Report on ASEAN Community 2015. 10. General Statistics Office (2017), The socio-economic situation in 2017 11. 11.Vietnam Productivity Institute (2017), Vietnam’s Labour Productivity Report 2017. 12. 12.Vietnam Productivity Institute(2015),Workshop on the Outlook for Quality and Productivity 2015. 13. Vietnam Productivity Institute(2014),Vietnam’s Labour Productivity Report 2014. 14. Central Institute for Economic Management (2014), Vietnam’s Labour Productivity Forum 2014. 15. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin,Collected Works, Progress Publishing House, Moscow, 1976, Volume 36, page 228-232 601