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So sánh Cisco và Ipv6

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  1. IPv6 @ Cisco Ansar Pasha Patrick Grossetete Cisco Systems Cisco Systems Network Consultant, Cisco IOS IPv6 Product Manager Govt & Defense, South pgrosset@cisco.com ansar@cisco.com 1
  2. Agenda • IPv6 Business Case • IPv6 Protocols & Standards • Integration and Transition • Cisco IOS IPv6 Roadmap • IPv6 Deployment scenarios • References Presentation_ID 2
  3. IPv6 - So what’s really changed ?! • Expanded Address Space Address length quadrupled to 16 bytes • Header Format Simplification Fixed length, optional headers are daisy-chained IPv6 header is twice as long (40 bytes) as IPv4 header without options (20 bytes) • No checksumming at the IP network layer • No hop-by-hop segmentation Path MTU discovery • 64 bits aligned • Authentication and Privacy Capabilities IPsec is mandated • No more broadcast Presentation_ID 3
  4. IPv4 & IPv6 Header Comparison IPv4 Header IPv6 Header Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Version Traffic Class Flow Label Fragment Identification Flags Offset Next Payload Length Hop Limit Header Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source Address Destination Address Source Address Options Padding - field’s name kept from IPv4 to IPv6 - fields not kept in IPv6 Destination Address - Name & position changed in IPv6 Legend - New field in IPv6 Presentation_ID 4
  5. How Was IPv6 Address Size Chosen? • Some wanted fixed-length, 64-bit addresses Easily good for 1012 sites, 1015 nodes, at .0001 allocation efficiency (3 orders of magnitude more than IPv6 requirement) Minimizes growth of per-packet header overhead Efficient for software processing • Some wanted variable-length, up to 160 bits Compatible with OSI NSAP addressing plans Big enough for auto-configuration using IEEE 802 addresses Could start with addresses shorter than 64 bits & grow later • Settled on fixed-length, 128-bit addresses (340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 in all!) Presentation_ID 5
  6. IPv6 Addressing • IPv6 Addressing rules are covered by multiples RFC’s Architecture defined by RFC 3513 (obsoletes RFC 2373) • Address Types are : Unicast : One to One (Global, Link local, Site local, Compatible) Anycast : One to Nearest (Allocated from Unicast) Multicast : One to Many Reserved • A single interface may be assigned multiple IPv6 addresses of any type (unicast, anycast, multicast) No Broadcast Address -> Use Multicast Presentation_ID 6
  7. IPv6 Address Representation • 16-bit fields in case insensitive colon hexadecimal representation 2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B • Leading zeros in a field are optional: 2031:0:130F:0:0:9C0:876A:130B • Successive fields of 0 represented as ::, but only once in an address: • 2031:0:130F::9C0:876A:130B • 2031::130F::9C0:876A:130B • 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => ::1 • 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 => :: • IPv4-compatible address representation • 0:0:0:0:0:0:192.168.30.1 = ::192.168.30.1 = ::C0A8:1E01 Presentation_ID 7
  8. IPv6 Addressing • Prefix Format (PF) Allocation PF = 0000 0000 : Reserved PF = 001 : Aggregatable Global Unicast Address PF = 1111 1110 10 : Link Local Use Addresses (FE80::/10) PF = 1111 1110 11 : Site Local Use Addresses (FEC)::/10) PF = 1111 1111 : Multicast Addresses (FF00::/8) Other values are currently Unassigned (approx. 7/8th of total) • All Prefix Formats have to support EUI-64 bits Interface ID setting But Multicast Presentation_ID 8
  9. Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses Provider Site Host 3 45 bits 16 bits 64 bits Global Routing Prefix SLA Interface ID 001 • Aggregatable Global Unicast addresses are: Addresses for generic use of IPv6 Structured as a hierarchy to keep the aggregation • See RFC 3513 Presentation_ID 9
  10. Address Allocation Policy /23 /32 /48 /64 2001 0410 Interface ID Registry ISP prefix Site prefix Bootstrap process - RFC2450 LAN prefix • The allocation process is under reviewed by the Registries: IANA allocates 2001::/16 to registries Each registry gets a /23 prefix from IANA Formely, all ISP were getting a /35 With the new policy, Registry allocates a /32 prefix to an IPv6 ISP Then the ISP allocates a /48 prefix to each customer (or potentially /64) Presentation_ID 10
  11. Interface IDs • Lowest-order 64-bit field of unicast address may be assigned in several different ways: – auto-configured from a 64-bit EUI-64, or expanded from a 48-bit MAC address (e.g., Ethernet address) – auto-generated pseudo-random number (to address privacy concerns) – assigned via DHCP – manually configured Presentation_ID 11
  12. IPv6 Address Privacy (RFC 3041) /23 /32 /48 /64 2001 0410 Interface ID • Temporary addresses for IPv6 host client application, eg. Web browser Inhibit device/user tracking but is also a potential issue More difficult to scan all IP addresses on a subnet but port scan is identical when an address is known Random 64 bit interface ID, run DAD before using it Rate of change based on local policy Implemented on Microsoft Windows XP From RFC 3041: “ interface identifier facilitates the tracking of individual devices (and thus potentially users) ” Presentation_ID 12
  13. Hierarchical Addressing & Aggregation Only Customer announces no 1 the /32 ISP prefix 2001:0410:0001:/48 2001:0410::/32 Customer IPv6 Internet no 2 2001::/16 2001:0410:0002:/48 Larger address space enables: Aggregation of prefixes announced in the global routing table. Efficient and scalable routing. But current Multi-Homing schemes break the model Presentation_ID 13
  14. Link-Local & Site-Local Unicast Addresses • Link-local addresses for use during auto-configuration and when no routers are present: 1111 1110 10 0 interface ID • Site-local addresses for independence from Global Reachability, similar to IPv4 private address space RFC3513 specifies 54 bits for SLA field but SL may get deprecated by IPv6 WG soon 1111 1110 11 SLA* interface ID Presentation_ID 14
  15. 6to4 and ISATAP Addresses • 6to4 (RFC 3056) – WAN tunneling /16 /48 /64 Public IPv4 2002 address SLA Interface ID •ISATAP (Draft) – Campus tunneling /23 /32 /48 /64 2001 0410 00 00 5E FE IPv4 Host address Registry 32 bits ISP prefix 32 bits Site prefix Presentation_ID 15
  16. Expanded Address Space Multicast Addresses (RFC 3513) 128 bits 0 Group ID T=0 a permanent IPv6 Multicast address. 1111 1111 Flags T=1 a transient IPv6 multicast address Flags = F F 0 0 0 T scope 8 bits 8 bits 1 = node 2 = link Scope = 5 = site 8 = organization E= global • Multicast is used in the context of one-to- many. Presentation_ID 16
  17. Multicast Address Examples • All Nodes Addresses: FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 • All Routers Addresses: FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 • OSPFv3: AllSPFRouters : FF02::5 AllDRouters : FF02::6 • Solicited-Node Address: FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FFXX:XXXX Concatenation of prefix FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FF00::/104 with the low-order 24 bits of an address (unicast or anycast) Presentation_ID 17
  18. more on IPv6 Addressing 80 bits 16 bits 32 bits 0000 0000 0000 IPv4 Address IPv6 Addresses with Embedded IPv4 Addresses 80 bits 16 bits 32 bits 0000 0000 FFFF IPv4 Address IPv4 mapped IPv6 address Presentation_ID 18
  19. IPv6 Addressing Examples LAN: 3ffe:b00:c18:1::/64 Ethernet0 interface Ethernet0 ipv6 address 2001:410:213:1::/64 eui-64 MAC address: 0060.3e47.1530 router# show ipv6 interface Ethernet0 Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::260:3EFF:FE47:1530 Global unicast address(es): 2001:410:213:1:260:3EFF:FE47:1530, subnet is 2001:410:213:1::/64 Joined group address(es): FF02::1:FF47:1530 FF02::1 FF02::2 MTU is 1500 bytes Presentation_ID 19
  20. 6BONE • The 6bone is an IPv6 testbed setup to assist in the evolution and deployment of IPv6 in the Internet. The 6bone is a virtual network layered on top of portions of the physical IPv4-based Internet to support routing of IPv6 packets, as that function has not yet been integrated into many production routers. The network is composed of islands that can directly support IPv6 packets, linked by virtual point-to- point links called "tunnels". The tunnel endpoints are typically workstation-class machines having operating system support for Ipv6. • Over 50 countries are currently involved • Registry, maps and other information may be found on Presentation_ID 20
  21. 6Bone Addressing /28 /48 /64 3ffe Interface ID pTLA prefix site prefix LAN prefix • 6Bone address space defined in RFC2471 uses 3FFE::/16 A pTLA receives a /28 prefix A site receives a /48 prefix A LAN receives a /64 prefix • Guidelines for routing on 6bone - RFC2772 Presentation_ID 21
  22. 6Bone Topology BGP Site Site Peering Site Site Site pTLA Site Provider pTL pTL Site pTLA ApTLA A Site Site pTLA Provider Site • 6Bone is a test bed network with hundreds of sites from 50 countries • The 6Bone topology is a hierarchy of providers • First-level nodes are backbone nodes called pseudo Top-Level Aggregator (pTLA) Presentation_ID 22
  23. IPv6 Header Options (RFC 2460) IPv6 Header Next Header TCP Header = TCP + Data IPv6 Header Next Header Routing Header TCP Header = Routing Next Header = TCP + Data IPv6 Header Routing Header Fragment of Next Header Next Header = Fragment Header TCP Header = Routing Fragment Next Header = TCP + Data • Processed only by node identified in IPv6 Destination Address field => much lower overhead than IPv4 options exception: Hop-by-Hop Options header • Eliminated IPv4’s 40-octet limit on options in IPv6, limit is total packet size, or Path MTU in some cases Presentation_ID 23
  24. IPv6 Header Options (RFC2460) • Currently defined Headers should appear in the following order IPv6 header Hop-by-Hop Options header Destination Options header Routing header Fragment header Authentication header (RFC 1826) Encapsulating Security Payload header (RFC 1827) Destination Options header upper-layer header Presentation_ID 24
  25. IPv6 and Path MTU Discovery • Definitions: link MTU a link’s maximum transmission unit, path MTU the minimum MTU of all the links in a path between a source and a destination • Minimum link MTU for IPv6 is 1280 octets (68 octets for IPv4) On links with MTU < 1280, link-specific fragmentation and reassembly must be used • Implementations are expected to perform path MTU discovery to send packets bigger than 1280 octets: for each dest., start by assuming MTU of first-hop link if a packet reaches a link in which it cannot fit, will invoke ICMP “packet too big” message to source, reporting the link’s MTU; MTU is cached by source for specific destination • Minimal implementation can omit path MTU discovery as long as all packets kept ≤ 1280 octets – e.g., in a boot ROM Presentation_ID 25
  26. Neighbor Discovery (RFC 2461) • Protocol built on top of ICMPv6 (RFC 2463) Combination of IPv4 protocols (ARP, ICMP, ) • Neighbor Discovery: Determines the link-layer address of a neighbor on the same link, Duplicate Address Detection Finds neighbor routers, Keeps track of neighbors • Defines 5 ICMPv6 packet types Router Solicitation / Router Advertisements Neighbor Solicitation / Neighbor Advertisements Redirect Presentation_ID 26
  27. IPv6 Auto-Configuration • Stateless (RFC2462) Host autonomously configures its own Link-Local address SUBNET PREFIX + Router solicitation are sent by booting RA indicates MAC ADDRESS nodes to request RAs for configuring SUBNET the interfaces. PREFIX • Stateful DHCPv6 (under definition at IETF) • Renumbering Hosts renumbering is done by modifying SUBNET PREFIX + the RA to announce the old prefix with a MAC ADDRESS short lifetime and the new prefix. At boot time, an IPv6 host build a Link-Local address, Router renumbering protocol (RFC 2894), then its global IPv6 to allow domain-interior routers to learn address(es) from RA of prefix introduction / withdrawal Presentation_ID 27
  28. Stateless Autoconfiguration 1. RS 2. RA 2. RA 1 - ICMP Type = 133 (RS) 2 - ICMP Type = 134 (RA) Src = :: Src = Router Link-local Address Dst = All-Routers multicast Address Dst = All-nodes multicast address query= please send RA Data= options, prefix, lifetime, autoconfig flag Router solicitations are sent by booting nodes to request RAs for configuring the interfaces. Presentation_ID 28
  29. Duplicate Address Detection A B ICMP type = 135 Src = 0 (::) Dst = Solicited-node multicast of A Data = link-layer address of A Query = what is your link address? Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) uses neighbor solicitation to verify the existence of an address to be configured. Presentation_ID 29
  30. Routing in IPv6 • As in IPv4, IPv6 has 2 families of routing protocols: IGP and EGP, and still uses the longest-prefix match routing algorithm • IGP RIPng (RFC 2080) Cisco EIGRP for IPv6 OSPFv3 (RFC 2740) Integrated IS-ISv6 (draft-ietf-isis-ipv6-02) • EGP : MP-BGP4 (RFC 2858 and RFC 2545) • Cisco IOS supports all of them Pick one meeting your objectives Presentation_ID 30
  31. OSPFv3 overview • OSPFv3 is OSPF for IPv6 (RFC 2740) • Based on OSPFv2, with enhancements • Distributes IPv6 prefixes • Runs directly over IPv6 • Ships-in-the-night with OSPFv2 Presentation_ID 31
  32. Differences from OSPFv2 • Runs over a link, not a subnet • Multiple instances per link • Topology not IPv6-specific – Router ID – Link ID • Standard authentication mechanisms • Uses link local addresses • Generalized flooding scope • Two new LSA types Presentation_ID 32
  33. OSPFv3 configuration example Area 0 Router1# interface Ethernet0 ipv6 address 2001:1:1:1::1/64 Router2 ipv6 ospf 1 area 0 interface Ethernet1 LAN1: 2001:1:1:1::/64 ipv6 address 2001:2:2:2::2/64 ipv6 ospf 1 area 1 Eth0 ipv6 router ospf 1 Router1 router-id 1.1.1.1 Eth1 area 1 range 2001:2:2::/48 LAN2: 2001:2:2:2::/64 Area 1 Presentation_ID 33
  34. IS-IS Standards • IETF IS-IS for IP Internets WG • ISO 10589 specifies OSI IS-IS routing protocol for CLNS traffic Tag/Length/Value (TLV) options to enhance the protocol A Link State protocol with a 2 level hierarchical architecture. • RFC 1195 added IP support, also known as Integrated IS-IS (I/IS-IS) I/IS-IS runs on top of the Data Link Layer Requires CLNP to be configured • Draft RFC defines how to add IPv6 address family support to IS-IS • Draft RFC introduces Multi-Topology concept for IS-IS Presentation_ID 34
  35. IS-IS for IPv6 • 2 Tag/Length/Values added to introduce IPv6 routing • IPv6 Reachability TLV (0xEC) External bit Equivalent to IP Internal/External Reachability TLV’s • IPv6 Interface Address TLV (0xE8) For Hello PDUs, must contain the Link-Local address For LSP, must only contain the non-Link Local address • IPv6 NLPID (0x8E) is advertised by IPv6 enabled routers Presentation_ID 35
  36. Cisco IOS IS-IS dual IP configuration Router1# interface ethernet-1 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 LAN1: 2001:0001::45c/64 ipv6 address 2001:0001::45c/64 Ethernet-1 ip router isis ipv6 router isis Router1 interface ethernet-2 Ethernet-2 ip address 10.2.1.1 255.255.255.0 ipv6 address 2001:0002::45a/64 LAN2: 2001:0002::45a/64 ip router isis ipv6 router isis router isis address-family ipv6 redistribute static Dual IPv4/IPv6 configuration. exit-address-family net 42.0001.0000.0000.072c.00 Redistributing both IPv6 static routes redistribute static and IPv4 static routes. Presentation_ID 36
  37. Multi-Topology IS-IS extensions • New TLVs attributes for Multi-Topology extensions. Multi-topology TLV: contains one or more multi-topology ID in which the router participates. It is theoretically possible to advertise an infinite number of topologies. This TLV is included in IIH and the first fragment of a LSP. MT Intermediate Systems TLV: this TLV appears as many times as the number of topologies a node supports. A MT ID is added to the extended IS reachability TLV type 22. Multi-Topology Reachable IPv4 Prefixes TLV: this TLV appears as many times as the number of IPv4 announced by an IS for a give n MT ID. Its structure is aligned with the extended IS Reachability TLV Type 236 and add a MT ID. Multi-Topology Reachable IPv6 Prefixes TLV: this TLV appears as many times as the number of IPv6 announced by an IS for a given MT ID. Its structure is aligned with the extended IS Reachability TLV Type 236 and add a MT ID. • Multi-Topology ID Values Multi-Topology ID (MT ID) standardized and in use in Cisco IOS: MT ID #0 – “standard” topology for IPv4/CLNS MT ID #2 – IPv6 Routing Topology. Presentation_ID 37
  38. Cisco IOS Multi-Topology IS-IS configuration example Router1# Area B interface ethernet-1 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 ipv6 address 2001:0001::45c/64 ip router isis ipv6 router isis LAN1: 2001:0001::45c/64 isis ipv6 metric 20 Ethernet-1 interface ethernet-2 Router1 ip address 10.2.1.1 255.255.255.0 ipv6 address 2001:0002::45a/64 Ethernet-2 ip router isis ipv6 router isis LAN2: 2001:0002::45a/64 isis ipv6 metric 20 • The optional keyword transition may router isis be used for transitioning existing IS-IS net 49.0000.0100.0000.0000.0500 metric-style wide IPv6 single SPF mode to MT IS-IS. ! • Wide metric is mandated for Multi- address-family ipv6 multi-topology Topology to work. exit-address-family Presentation_ID 38
  39. Multi-Protocol BGP for IPv6 – RFC2545 • IPv6 specific extensions: Scoped addresses: Next-hop contains a global IPv6 address and/or potentially a link-local address NEXT_HOP and NLRI are expressed as IPv6 addresses and prefix. Address Family Information (AFI) = 2 (IPv6) Sub-AFI = 1 (NLRI is used for unicast) Sub-AFI = 2 (NLRI is used for multicast RPF check) Sub-AFI = 3 (NLRI is used for both unicast and multicast RPF check) Sub-AFI = 4 (label) Presentation_ID 39
  40. A Simple MP-BGP Session Router2 Router1 AS 65001 AS 65002 3ffe:b00:c18:2:1::F 3ffe:b00:c18:2:1::1 Router1# interface Ethernet0 ipv6 address 3FFE:B00:C18:2:1::F/64 ! router bgp 65001 bgp router-id 10.10.10.1 no bgp default ipv4-unicast neighbor 3FFE:B00:C18:2:1::1 remote-as 65002 address-family ipv6 neighbor 3FFE:B00:C18:2:1::1 activate neighbor 3FFE:B00:C18:2:1::1 prefix-list bgp65002in in neighbor 3FFE:B00:C18:2:1::1 prefix-list bgp65002out out exit-address-family Presentation_ID 40
  41. IPv4 versus IPv6 Multicast IP Service IPv4 Solution IPv6 Solution Address Range 32-bit, class D 128-bit Protocol Independent Protocol Independent Routing All IGPs,and BGP4+ All IGPs,and BGP4+ with v6 mcast SAFI Forwarding PIM-DM, PIM-SM, PIM-SM, PIM-SSM, PIM-SSM, PIM-bidir PIM-bidir Group IGMPv1, v2, v3 MLDv1, v2 Management Boundary/Border Scope Identifier Domain Control MSDP across Single RP within Interdomain Independent PIM Globally Shared Solutions Domains Domains Presentation_ID 41
  42. Multicast Listener Discover – MLD • MLD is equivalent to IGMP in IPv4 • MLD messages are transported over ICMPv6 • Version number confusion: MLDv1 corresponds to IGMPv2 RFC 2710 MLDv2 corresponds to IGMPv3, needed for SSM draft-vida-mld-v2-06.txt • MLD snooping draft-ietf-magma-snoop-04.txt • CGMP for v6 under consideration Presentation_ID 42
  43. IP Routing for Multicast • RPF based on reachability to v6 source same as with v4 multicast • RPF still protocol independent: Static routes, mroutes Unicast RIB: BGP, ISIS, OSPF, EIGRP, RIP, etc Multi-protocol BGP (mBGP) - support for v6 mcast sub-address family - provide translate function for non-supporting peers Presentation_ID 43
  44. IP Routing for Multicast RPF Route Selction Rules: I. look up the longest mask route from the available route sources: 1. static mroutes. 2. MBGP RIB, 3. unicast RIB, II.If more than one of these three sources returns a route with the same longest mask then select amongst these routes the one with the lowest (= best) distance. III. If the distance is equal on multiple entries: Select static mroute over MBGP over unicast RIB Presentation_ID 44
  45. IPv6 Multicast Forwarding • PIM-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) draft-ietf-pim-sm-v2-new-06.txt, • PIM-Source Specific Mode (PIM-SSM) draft-ietf-ssm-overview-03.txt (v6 SSM needs MLDv2) unicast prefix based multicast addresses ff30::/12 -> SSM range is ff3X::/32 -> current allocation is from ff3X::/96 • PIM-bidirectional Mode (PIM-bidir) draft-ietf-pim-bidir-04.txt Presentation_ID 45
  46. RP mapping mechanisms for PIM-SM • Static RP assignment • BSR • Auto-RP – no current draft Presentation_ID 46
  47. Domain Control • Definitions: –A PIM domain is topology served by common RP for all sources and receivers of same group. –A routing domain is consistent with AS. • Its necessary to constrain the PIM messages, rp- mappings, and data for groups within the PIM domain: –In IPv4 we used multicast boundary/ BSR border –In IPv6 we use scopes and zones Presentation_ID 47
  48. IPv6 Scoping support • Scopes: draft-ietf-ipngwg-addr-arch-v3-11.txt Example scopes: link-local (2) site-local (5) global (E or 14) • Zone is a connected region of topology of a given scope • Initial implementation similar to v4 boundaries: – Can configure interface with zone and scope ipv6 zone scope CAUTION: This is still being worked. – PIM messages and data traffic within that scope are ignored on that interface – Initially a zone can only contain one interface Presentation_ID 48
  49. IPv6 Multicast Inter-domain Options SSM, no RPs R S DR ASM across multiple separate PIM domains, each with RP, MSDP peering R S DR RP RP RP ASM across single shared PIM domain, one RP R S DR CE1 Presentation_ID 49
  50. Configuring Cisco IOS IPv6 Multicast Group mode determines how to forward, compared to interface mode in v4. By default all interfaces are PIM enabled unless explicitly disabled. Config for PIM-SSM: Config for PIM-SM: ! ! ipv6 multicast-routing ipv6 multicast-routing ! ipv6 pim rp-address ! Config for PIM-bidir: Disable PIM on an interface ! ! ipv6 multicast-routing interface ethernet 0 ipv6 pim rp-address bidir no ipv6 pim ! ! Presentation_ID 50
  51. Overview of Mobile IPv6 Functionality CN 4. 3. HA 1. 2. MN • 1. MN obtains Local IP address using stateless or stateful autoconfiguration – Neighbor Discovery • 2. MN registers with HA by sending a Binding Update • 3. HA intercepts traffic for registered MN and tunnels packets from CN to MN • 4. MN sends packets from CN directly or via HA using Tunnel Presentation_ID 51
  52. Route Optimization Correspondent Home Host Agent CN to MN Mobile Node • Traffic is routed directly from the CN to the MN • Binding Update SHOULD be part of every IPv6 node implementation • IPv4 also has route optimization but CN needs enhanced IP stack and Key management is a problem • Security Issues – Shared Key or PKI Problem and We need a Scalable Solution Presentation_ID 52
  53. Cisco IOS Mobile IPv6 Home Agent Technology Preview • MIPv6 Home Agent Technology Preview release built on MP3 client IETF MIPv6 draft 20 • Initial release was ID-13 AP2 • Available on Cisco 2600, 3600, 3700 and 7200 series • Adding DAD and DHAD • IPsec support planned for a later stage • waiting for IETF MIPv6 WG completion Ethernet-2 • Binding update can be filtered by source address using ACL • Only available for testing and experiment Ethernet-1 Tested with BSD, Linux and Windows MIPv6 client Router1# ipv6 unicast-routing Router1# ipv6 mobile Router1# interface ethernet-1 ipv6 address 2001:0001::45c/64 AP1 ipv6 mobile home-agent enable Router1# interface ethernet-2 ipv6 address 2001:0002::45a/64 ipv6 mobile home-agent enable Presentation_ID 53
  54. IPv6 Security • IPsec standards apply to both IPv4 and IPv6 • All implementations required to support authentication and encryption headers (“IPsec”) • Authentication separate from encryption for use in situations where encryption is prohibited or prohibitively expensive • Key distribution protocols are not yet defined (independent of IP v4/v6) • Support for manual key configuration required Presentation_ID 54
  55. IP Quality of Service Reminder Two basic approaches developed by IETF: • “Integrated Service” (int-serv) fine-grain (per-flow), quantitative promises (e.g., x bits per second), uses RSVP signaling • “Differentiated Service” (diff-serv) coarse-grain (per-class), qualitative promises (e.g., higher priority), no explicit signaling Signaled diff-serv (RFC 2998) – uses RSVP for signaling with course-grained qualitative aggregate markings – allows for policy control without requiring per-router state overhead Presentation_ID 55
  56. IPv6 Support for Int-Serv • 20-bit Flow Label field to identify specific flows needing special QoS – each source chooses its own Flow Label values; routers use Source Addr + Flow Label to identify distinct flows – Flow Label value of 0 used when no special QoS requested (the common case today) • This part of IPv6 is not standardized yet, and may well change semantics in the future label-07.txt Presentation_ID 56
  57. IPv6 Support for Diff-Serv • 8-bit Traffic Class field to identify specific classes of packets needing special QoS – same as new definition of IPv4 Type-of- Service byte – may be initialized by source or by router enroute; may be rewritten by routers enroute – traffic Class value of 0 used when no special QoS requested (the common case today) Presentation_ID 57
  58. IPv6 and DNS IPv4 IPv6 Hostname to A record: AAAA record: IP address www.abc.test. A 192.168.30.1 www.abc.test AAAA 3FFE:B00:C18:1::2 PTR record: PTR record: IP address to 1.30.168.192.in-addr.arpa. PTR 2.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0.0.0.8.1.c.0. hostname www.abc.test. 0.0.b.0.e.f.f.3.ip6.arpa PTR www.abc.test. Presentation_ID 58
  59. IPv6 Technology Scope IP Service IPv4 Solution IPv6 Solution 32-bit, Network Addressing Range 128-bit, Multiple Address Translation Scopes Serverless, Autoconfiguration DHCP Reconfiguration, DHCP Security IPSec IPSec Mandated, works End-to-End Mobile IP with Direct Mobility Mobile IP Routing Differentiated Service, Differentiated Service, Quality-of-Service Integrated Service Integrated Service IP Multicast IGMP/PIM/Multicast MLD/PIM/Multicast BGP BGP,Scope Identifier Presentation_ID 59
  60. IPv6 Standards • Core IPv6 specifications are IETF Draft Standards => well-tested & stable currently have 5 Draft Standards, 32 Proposed started to compile an IPv6 Node Requirements spec • Some important auxilliary standards are less mature e.g., mobile IPv6, MIBS, scoped addressing, for an up-to-date status: playground.sun.com/ipv6 • 3GPP UMTS Rel. 5 cellular wireless standards mandate IPv6; also being considered by 3GPP2 Presentation_ID 60
  61. IPv6 Current Status - Standardisation • Several key components now on Standards Track: Specification (RFC2460) Neighbour Discovery (RFC2461) ICMPv6 (RFC2463) IPv6 Addresses (RFC2373/4/5) RIP (RFC2080) BGP (RFC2545) IGMPv6 (RFC2710) OSPF (RFC2740) Router Alert (RFC2711) Jumbograms (RFC2675) Autoconfiguration (RFC2462) IPv6 over: PPP (RFC2023) Ethernet (RFC2464) FDDI (RFC2467) Token Ring (RFC2470) NBMA(RFC2491) ATM (RFC2492) Frame Relay (RFC2590) ARCnet (RFC2549) Presentation_ID 61
  62. Prioritizing IETF IPv6 WG Work (1) Finishing work-in-progress: Default address selection Address architecture Basic & advanced APIs ICMPv6 update Router preferences Cellular hosts requirements Node information queries DAD fixes to privacy address, autoconf and/or address architecture (2) Important and urgent for deployment: DNS discovery Prefix delegation IPv6 MIBs Presentation_ID 62
  63. Prioritizing IPv6 WG Work (cont.) (3) Important but not quite so urgent: Flow label specification Scoped address architecture IPv6-over-3GPP-PDP-contexts spec IPv6 node requirements (4) important but perhaps better handled in other WGs: secure, robust plug-and-play multi-link subnet specification anycast architecture routing protocol updates to handle IPv6 scoping (5) important and already handled in other WGs: site multihoming IPv4 coexistence / interoperability / transition DHCPv6 mobile IPv6 Presentation_ID 63
  64. Status of Other IPv6-Related WG in the IETF • NGtrans (Next Generation Transition) Major reorganization, moving from “tool development” to “IPv6 network operation” • v6Ops • DHCP (dynamic host configuration) DHCPv6 spec very close to Proposed Standard (at last!) • Multi6 (multihoming for IPv6) Little progress • Mobile IP Binding-update authentication issue of mobile IPv6 resolved; expect Proposed Standard soon(?) Presentation_ID 64
  65. Questions? Presentation_ID 65
  66. More Information • CCO IPv6 - • The ABC of IPv6 bc_ios_overview.html • IPv6 e-Learning [requires CCO username/password] • IPv6 Access Services : cess_wp_v2.pdf • ICMPv6 Packet Types and Codes TechNote: • Cisco IOS IPv6 Product Manager – pgrosset@cisco.com Presentation_ID 66
  67. Presentation_ID © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com 67
  68. © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. 68