Standard motorcycle helmet usage and its effect on road traffic safety in the two major cities of vietnam

Nội dung text: Standard motorcycle helmet usage and its effect on road traffic safety in the two major cities of vietnam

1. S 64 Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of science- No. 1(1) 2011 Standard Motorcycle Helmet Usage And Its Effect on Road Traffic Safety In The Two Major Cities Of Vietnam By Trinh Thuy Anh1 The number and severity of road improve road safety in the two major cities accidents in Vietnam is at alarming rate. in Vietnam is going to be discussed. From 2003, the Government has tried Keyword: road safety, traumatic brain to improve traffic safety, therefore the injury (TBI), traffic accident, road crash. number of accident and traumatic brain I. Fact on Road Traffic Safety in injury (TBI) and the rate of death reduced Vietnam suddenly. However, from the end of 2008, even though accident number decreasing, a From 1993, road traffic accidents number of TBI and deaths due to road crash had been increasing and traffic safety are jumping up. This paper aims to analyze was a big problem in Vietnam. The the reason of heavy injuries, TBI and deaths number of road accidents has been happening increased. The specific surveys increasing at alarming rate up to 2002. were taken to motorcyclists, helmet market, From 2003, the Government had tried to traffic safety agencies and hospital in Hanoi keep enforcement then the number was and Ho Chi Minh City. Statistic method, slowing down suddenly. However, traffic integrated comparison, observation, expert safety still is the hot problem in Vietnam. interview survey and brainstorming method Even though the number of accidents and have been used in this study to analyze injuries has been decreasing; the number the problem. Then road safety situation, of fatalities is increasing year by year. helmet usage, regulation and enforcement Figure 1 show this data. were analyzed. Base on these, proposal to Figure 1: Road traffic accident of Vietnam by year Source: National Traffic Safety Committee 1 Ho Chi Minh City Open University
2. Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of science- No. 1(1) 2011 65 Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the fact up to 2007, and then slightly increased; of road safety in the two major cities of however, the number of fatalities is increased Vietnam: Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The by year. number of accidents and injuries is reduced Figure 2: Road traffic accident of Hanoi Figure 3: Road traffic accident of HCMC Most of road accidents were caused Feature of the interviewees by motorcycle (70% among the total). It is The survey result shows that 56% revealed that severity of traffic accidents of interviewees were female; most of is the problem, especially for motorcycle interviewees were the youth (65% of the total transport mode, 50% among the traffic were under 35 years old) and well educated accidents were traumatic brain injury (TBI) (60% among the total were educated at the and the rate of heavy injury and fatal was university (Appendix 2, Table B). 25%. From 2007, the Government forced Asking about their motorcycle, 89% of people to wear helmet, then some positive interviewees owned their motorcycle; most of signal appeared as a result, however, a small those were less than 100cc (76%) compared change could not convince the improvement with 23% of them being larger than 100cc trend of road traffic. but less than 500cc. 87% of interviewees For the short time, the number of TBI were drivers and many of them going alone has been reduced 20% - 50% compared to (80%); 75% of interviewees were traveling that of before; and the rate of death due to/from work (or to schooling) (see Appendix to road crash reduced to 15%. However, 2, Figure A, B, C, D). from the end of year 2008, the number of Helmet usage of motorcycle drivers fatalities was increasing; the number of TBI and passengers was jumping up as before. Almost all of the interviewees own II. Helmet Usage of Motorcycle their helmets (98%) due to the regulation Drivers and Passengers from the Government to force people to wear The survey is taken with totally 1038 helmet when driving on the road. 36% of the samples, 517 samples in Hanoi and 521 interviewees bought helmets in the helmet samples in Ho Chi Minh City. Place of shop, while around 24% bought at street survey allocated at 15 districts, 9 districts in market, 18% bought from shopping centre, Ho Chi Minh City and 5 districts in Hanoi shown more detail in figure 4. The number (detail shown in Appendix 1, Table A). of people who were given helmets or bought them through suggestion of f, c, a is smaller.
3. S 66 Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of science- No. 1(1) 2011 Figure 4. The place to purchase helmet 13% 1% HelmetShop Shopping Center 9% 35% Street market Friend, colleague, acquaintance Given 24% 18% Found Asking about the cost of helmets, it is (45% of the interviewee); while very few found that most of people bought helmets (3%) bought helmets with the price over 20 with the price from 5 to 10 US$ (37% of US$. Figure 5 shows the result. the interviewees) and between 11 – 20 US$ Figure 5. The cost of helmets 3%2% 13% less than US$ 5 US$ 5 - less than $10 US$ 10 - less than $20 45% US$ 20 or more 37% Don't know Asking the factors that affect to (7%) bought due to theirs price, style/look or people’s decision to buy helmets, Figure quality. Noted that 55% of the interviewees 6 showed that most of people said they said they bought helmets due to all of the bought the helmets due to it was certified as reasons above. a ”standard” helmet (28%); while very few Figure 6. Factors affected purchase decision No relevant 0.09 Other 0.17 Brand/company name 7.36 Standard-helmet 17.32 factors Quality 26.49 Style/look 16.54 Price 15.76 Colour 16.28 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 percentage Standard motorcycle helmet usage the remains had none. The interviewers For the interviewer’s observation of a noted that 90% of observed certification certification marking/sticker in the helmet, it marking/stickers in the helmet are authentic is proved that 89% of the observed helmets certification marking/stickers. With “a had certification marking/stickers and 11% standard helmet” question of the observed
4. Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of science- No. 1(1) 2011 67 interviewers, almost agree that the observed helmets were without certificate stickers; helmets are standard (78%) (more details 5% of motorcycle helmets were construction were given in Appendix 3, Table C, D). helmets, horse-riding hats or hats normally For the considered reason of non - designed/used for other purposes or cracked standard helmet, while 9% of motorcycle or damaged (Figure 7). Figure 7. The reason that the interviewer consider helmet were non-standard Descirbe why you think it is non-standard helmet 15.0 Other reason 2.6 Cracked or damaged 4.6 Construction helmet, horse-riding hat or hat 5.1 normally designed/used for other purpose No certification stickers 9.2 reason of thinking non-standard helmet 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 percentage Integrated comparative of helmet usage most important thing, and less significant between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City factor is quality of the helmet. The place to buy helmet between There was the relationship between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City of respondents the age of respondents and the price of is shown more details in Appendix 4, the helmets. Even the trend is that people Hanoi people prefer to buy helmets in getting older would buy helmets with street market (17%) while Ho Chi Minh higher price, however, the difference is city people like to buy helmets at helmet not much (Appendix 4, Table H). Data shop (25%). also showed the trend of people getting The price to buy helmet between older would use more standard helmets Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City of respondents as a relationship between the age of is different. The Hanoi people prefer to buy respondents and their usage of standard helmets with the price between 10 – 20 US$ helmets (Appendix 4, Table J). (30%) while Ho Chi Minh city people prefer Data also showed the relationship the lower price, between 5 – 10 US$ (21%) between sex of respondents and their usage (see Appendix 4, Table F). of standard helmets: male use standard The factors that affect people to buy helmets a little bit more than female helmets between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh (Appendix 4, Table K). City are also a little bit different. The III. Helmet Market Hanoi people prefer to buy them due to theirs color (23%), which is higher than The market survey was be conducted that in Ho Chi Minh city (see Appendix in the two biggest cities of Vietnam with 4, Table G). Some people who could buy totally 25 retail outlets including 58% in helmets at the price more than 20USD Hanoi and 42% in Ho Chi Minh City (Detail consider much all given reasons (color, showed in Appendix 5). Helmet market in style/look, quality, standard) while most of Vietnam is diversified; there were 42% and people who could buy helmets at the price 25% of helmets sold in the general shop or from 5 – 20 USD consider the color as the supermarket and helmet shop only.
5. S 68 Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of science- No. 1(1) 2011 There was a big difference from the probability of 25%, however, probability cost level for standard helmets in each to have non-standard one is higher (75%). type of helmet and helmet manufacturer, Buying a helmet with one price range in meaning that was a big gap between lowest (6 – 14 USD) could get a standard helmet price and highest price. The most common with high probability (91%), and even price of standard helmets was range from 6 small probability of non-standard helmet USD to 14 USD (47%). The most expensive (9%). For sure the helmet with price over price of standard helmet is 14 – 25 USD 14 USD is the standard helmet. (39%) and over 25 USD (18%). While the The price of non-standard helmets in most price of non-standard helmets (83%) Hanoi is lower than HCMC while the price was under 6 USD. of standard helmets in HCMC is lower Table 1 shows data of helmet market. than that in Hanoi (see Appendix 5, Table Buying a helmet with price under 6 USD M, N, O). could receive a standard helmet with the Table 1 Standard helmets and non-standard helmets by prices Standard helmets Non-standards helmet Normal High Normal High Low price price price Low price price price 25 USD 1.00 IV. Survey on Traffic Accidents from The interview survey was taken to Hospital Side doctors at the Choray Hospital (the hospital Traffic accidents and helmet usage for physical injuries) and HCMC Traumatic and Reform Hospital to identify the problem Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs of helmet usage and road traffic accidents in when an outside force traumatically injures the two major cities of Vietnam. According the brain. TBI can be classified based on to the survey, the number of traffic accidents severity, mechanism (closed or penetrating in the hospital occupied ½ of total cases head injury), or other features (e.g. occurring there. Among traffic accident cases, a half in a specific location or over a widespread among the total were physical break injuries area). TBI is a major cause of death and and a half were traumatic brain injuries in disability worldwide, especially in children half which ½ of those were non-helmet and young adults. Causes include falls, using cases and the left ½ were non-standard vehicle accidents, and violence. For traffic helmet using or wear on the wrong ways. accidents, prevention measures include use of technology to protect those who Helmet usage, TBI trend to reduce in are in accidents, such as seat belts and or the short time and increase after that motorcycle helmets, as well as efforts to After forcing people to wear helmet reduce the number of accidents, such as in 2007, for the short time, the number of safety education programs and enforcement TBI has been reduced 20% - 50% compared of traffic laws. to that of before. In Choray Hospital, the
6. Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of science- No. 1(1) 2011 69 outstanding hospital on physical injuries, and Traffic Police Office, there are 17 TBI in many cases, the injuries were serious; cases due to non-standard usage in only however, the head was more protected by half of March 2009. helmet wearing. However, from the end of The form, style and size of helmets year 2008 up to present, traffic accidents also have problems. The half-head helmets with TBI were jumped up as before. 50% that are using by many motorcyclist are among the traffic accidents were TBI. appropriate to travel around the inner city Then serious level also increased, during with a slow speech (around 30 km/h). If crash that time, the heavy disease and fatal rate occurred, they would not suffer heavy injury. due to TBI was 25%, reduced to 15% Most of victims of TBI due to road crash when the Government started to enforce are wearing half-head helmets when driving people to wear helmet, and now the rate is high speed in highway. The full face helmet increasing at 25%. should be the best choice for people driving motorcycle on the highway for their safety. Non-standard helmet usage or by a The young people like fashion styles which wrong way look more beautiful and colorful, however, Data from the interview survey show those are under standard and could not help that, in many cases, motorcycle drivers people avoid TBI from crashing. Many non- wear non-standard helmet and or in wrong standard ones with un-clear information ways, then the accident would be heavy about the name, origin, manufacture, date and the victim would be TBI. In case of are distributed widely in the market. Those using standard helmet, even the helmet was helmets could bring many potential dangers broken or failed, the victims avoid from for people using them. TBI. The doctor said about the important Motorcyclists wearing helmets in a of standard type of helmets, and the right wrong ways such as non fasten, loose fasten, way of usage. helmet size bigger than the head could be Data from the National Traffic heavily injured from road crash. Safety Committee shows almost 99% of Helmets for the kids motorcyclists in the inner cities has used Road accidents of the kids are increased helmets. However, in the suburban areas, during the time. Not wearing helmets people wear helmets to deal with traffic when the kids going with their parents is police, then most of them wear helmets in prevailing. Moreover, in some cases the kids the wrong ways. wearing non-standard helmets and or in the In many cases, people who used wrong ways could have the same problem fashion helmets or plastic brim helmets as analyzed earlier. could have serious injured in head, eyes, scruff and neck when crash happening. For Survey that was taken in Kid Hospital non-standard helmets, the sponge could not 2 revealed that 60% of the kids coming to absorb and the cover could not dispose the the hospital were related to TBI due to road press of crashing then heavy injury could crashes. From August 2008 to July 2009, be happened. there were 43 kids under 15 years old with TBI and 63% of them due to road crashes. Many fashion helmets which are under standard are selling in the market. V. Regulation and Enforcement Those helmets could not protect people There is the legislation in Vietnam when crashing, even causes serious injury about the standard of motorcycle helmets. for them. According to the data from By that regulation, the manufacture, the Technical Measurement Standard Center import, the sale and the use of non-standard
7. S 70 Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of science- No. 1(1) 2011 helmets are not allowed. However, financial in many cases, motorcycle drivers wear punishment is still lacking. Data of offences non-standard helmet and or in wrong ways, or convictions for the manufacture and then the accidents would be heavy and the use of non-standard helmets are not the victims would suffer TBI. The fourth available while there are some records for survey was taken to analyze the problem the import and the sale of non-standard of helmet for kids. The fifth survey 9 traffic helmets in Hanoi. safety agencies. Therefore, in order to improve road Based on the road traffic safety in the safety, the Government to have enforcement major two cities of Vietnam, enforcement with punishment solution and to strictly and education are very important to improve deal with the manufacture, the import, the the situation. To improve road traffic safety distribution and the use of non-standard in Vietnam, changing people’s attitude and helmets. The Market Management Unit is awareness is very important and needs to be required to enhance inspection and control to dealt firstly. discover non-standard helmets. Mass media VII. References have to do campaign and propagation for Data from Protect Helmet Enterprise, people to use standard helmets and impacts Traffic Police Team of Hadong, of using non-standard helmets. Hanoi City, National Traffic Appendix 6 showed the specific Safety Committee, Directorate for documents relating to regulation and Standards and Quality, Ministry of enforcement of using standard helmet in Science and Technology, Traffic Vietnam Police Office of Ho Chi Minh City, VI. Conclusion Market Management Unit of Ho Chi In this paper, five specific surveys Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City Custom were taken to reveal the problem. The first Department, Department of Science survey was taken to 1038 motorcycle users and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City. to identify the use of helmets including The “National technical regulation on type, price, place to buy, people’s features protective helmets for motorcycle and reason of using standard or non- and moped users” (QCVN 2: 2008/ standard helmets including five factors BKHCN). price, type, color and form, brand, quality. Using Helmet: Road Traffic Safety Manual for Therefore it was reaved that most of people Planning and Implementation. WHO. use non-standard helmets even those have 2006 certification stamp. The second survey was taken at the helmet market and then revealed Helmet use saves lives. WHO. 2009 that many helmets sold in the market were Prevalence of Helmet use Among Motorcycle non-standard. The third survey toward Riders in Vietnam. D V Hung, M R 5 hospitals in the two cities and revealed Stevenson, R Q Ivers. 2006 that the number of traffic accident into the VIII. Appendix hospital occupied ½ of total cases there. Among traffic accident cases, a half among the total were physical break injuries and a half were traumatic brain injuries in which ½ of those were non-helmet using cases and the left ½ were non-standard helmets using or wearing on the wrong ways. Data show
8. Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of science- No. 1(1) 2011 71 Appendix 1 Table A: Place of survey Place Frequency Valid Percent Petrol station in Tran Hung Dao road, Dist. 1, HCMC 25 4.65 Petrol station in Cach Mang Thang Tam road, Dist. 3, HCMC 25 4.65 Petrol station in Ben Van Don street, Dist. 4, HCMC 51 9.48 Petrol station in Nguyen Trai road, Dist. 5, HCMC 50 9.29 Petrol station in Le Van Viet road, Dist.9, HCMC 44 8.18 Petrol station in Vo Van Ngan road, Dist.Thuduc, HCMC 6 1.12 Petrol station in Hoang Van Thu road, Dist.Tanbinh, HCMC 47 8.74 Petrol station in An Suong Bus Station, Dist.Hocmon, HCMC 16 2.97 Petrol station in Tan Ky Tan Quy road, Dist. Tanphu, HCMC 6 1.12 Petrol station in Hoang Quoc Viet road, Dist. Tayho, HN 50 9.29 Petrol station in Tay Son road (Nam Dong station), Dist. Dongda, HN 50 9.29 Petrol station in Bach Mai road, Dist. Haibatrung, HN 53 9.85 Petrol station in Nguyen Trai road, Dist. Thanhxuan, HN 50 9.29 Petrol station in Hadong Bus Station, Dist. Hadong, HN 50 9.29 Petrol station in Tran Hung Dao road, Dist. Hoankiem, HN 15 2.79 Total 538 100.00 Appendix 2 Table B. Percentage of people who own motorcycles. Own motorcycle Frequency Valid Percent Yes 474 88.60 No 61 11.40 Total 535 100.00 Less than 100cc 76% 1% 100cc but less than 500cc 23% 500cc or more Figure A. Motorcycle size of the respondents
9. S 72 Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of science- No. 1(1) 2011 13% D r i ve r Passengers 87% Figure B. Status of motorcyclist One person 2% 42% Two people 56% More than two persons Figure C. Number of person of the motorcycle 74.91 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 percentage 20.00 10.22 5.76 7.06 10.00 2.04 0.00 Travelling Travelling Riding for Commercial Other to/from work to/from pleasure activities (or to leisure schooling) activities trip aim Figure D. The purpose of the trip Appendix 3 Table C. Observation of helmet sticker Table D. Observation of real sticker Observation of Valid Valid Frequency Observation of real Frequency helmet sticker Percent sticker Percent Yes 475 88.29 Yes 435 90.44 No 62 11.52 No 46 9.56 Missing 1 0.19 Total 538 100.00 Total 481 100.00
10. Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of science- No. 1(1) 2011 73 Appendix 4 Table E. Place to buy helmet (analyzing by survey area) The place to buy Helmet (%) The survey area Friend, Total Helmet Shopping Street Bought colleague, Given from Other Shop Center market acquaintance Hanoi 11.45 11.07 16.41 7.25 4.77 0.19 51.15 HCMC 24.81 6.49 7.63 1.34 7.82 0.76 48.85 Total 36.26 17.56 24.05 8.59 12.60 0.95 100.00 Table F. Price to buy helmet (analyzing by survey area) Price of helmet (%) City less than US$ 5 - less US$ 10 - less US$ 20 or Total Don’t know US$ 5 than $10 than $20 more Hanoi 5.25 16.63 29.98 1.53 0.00 53.39 HCMC 7.44 20.57 15.54 1.31 1.75 46.61 Total 12.69 37.20 45.51 2.84 1.75 100.00 Table G. Factors that affect people to buy helmet (analyzing by survey area) Factors affect people’s decision to buy helmet (%) Brand/ Total City Style/ Standard- No Color Price Quality company Other helmet look name relevant Hanoi 22.39 8.26 6.96 10.22 5.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.04 TpHCM 18.48 8.48 1.96 11.96 5.22 0.43 0.22 0.22 46.96 Total 40.87 16.74 8.91 22.17 10.43 0.43 0.22 0.22 100.00 Table H. The relationship between the age of respondent and the price of helmet Price of helmet (%) US$ 10 - Age less than US$ 5 - less US$ 20 or Total less than Don’t know US$ 5 than $10 more $20 18-23year-old 15.12 34.88 43.02 4.65 2.33 100.00 24-35year-old 10.75 41.59 43.93 2.34 1.40 100.00 Over 36year-old 14.19 32.90 48.39 2.58 1.94 100.00
11. S 74 Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of science- No. 1(1) 2011 Table I: Relationship between the price of helmet and factor affected people to purchase helmet Factor (%) Brand/ Style/ Standard No Color Price Quality company Other Total Price of helmet look -helmet relevant name less than US$ 5 5.04 4.39 1.32 1.54 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.72 US$ 5 - less than $10 15.57 6.14 3.29 8.11 3.95 0.22 0.00 0.00 37.28 US$10 - less than $20 19.08 6.36 3.95 10.75 5.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 45.61 US$ 20 or more 1.10 0.00 0.44 0.66 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.85 Don’t know 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.22 1.54 Total 41.23 16.89 8.99 21.71 10.53 0.22 0.22 0.22 100.00 Table J. The relationship between the age of respondent and the usage of standard helmet Standard Helmet (number) Age Total Yes No 18-23year-old 78 31 109 24-35year-old 192 48 240 Over 36year-old 141 40 181 Total 411 119 530 Table K. The relationship between sex of respondent and their usage of standard helmet Standard Helmet (number) Sex Total Yes No Male 232 63 295 Female 172 54 226 Don’t know 10 3 13 Total 414 120 534 Appendix 5 58% 42% Hanoi HCMC Figure E. The surveyed cities
12. Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of science- No. 1(1) 2011 75 Table L. Location of retail outle Location of retail outlet Percentage Chua Boc, Dong Da, HN 8.3 CMT8, Dis10, HCMC 25.0 Ha Dong,HN 33.3 Nguyen Trai, Ha Dong, HN 8.3 PhamHongThai, Dis1, HCMC 16.7 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, HN 8.3 Total 100.0 8% 42% 25% 8% 17% General shop or supermarket also selling helmets Informal road vendors or little roadside shops selling helmets Other: selling helmet "Protect" only Other: selling helmet only Shop selling only automobile or motorcycle and related products Figure F. Type of retail outlet Table M. The cheapest cost for standard helmet City Price (USD) Total HCMC Hanoi Standard Helmet 6 14.3% 28.6% 42.9% 7 0% 28.6% 28.6% 12 0% 14.3% 14.3% 26 14.3% 0% 14.3% Total 28.6% 71.4% 100.0% Non-standard 2 0% 20.0% 20.0% 3 0% 20.0% 20.0% 5 60.0% 0% 60.0% Total 60.0% 40.0% 100.0% Table N. The most expensive cost for standard helmet Price (USD) Frequency Percent (%) 5 – 10 2 17 11 – 20 3 25 21-40 5 42 > 40 2 17 Total 12 100.0
13. 76 Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of science- No. 1(1) 2011 Table O. The most common cost for standard and non-standard helmet City Price (USD) Total HCMC Hanoi Standard Helmet 7 10.0% .0% 10.0% 8 10.0% 10.0% 20.0% 9 20.0% 10.0% 30.0% 11 .0% 20.0% 20.0% 13 .0% 10.0% 10.0% 14 .0% 10.0% 10.0% Total 40.0% 60.0% 100.0% Non-standard Helmet 5 100.0% 100.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% Appendix 6 7. Decree No.06/2008/ND-CP dated 1. Data from Protect Helmet Enterprise, 16 January 2008: Administrative Traffic Police Team of Hadong, Hanoi Punishment of the Sale of Non-standard City, National Traffic Safety Committee, Products and Goods Directorate for Standards and Quality, 8. Decree No.95/2007/ND-CP dated 4 June Ministry of Science and Technology, 2007: Amendment and Supplementation Traffic Police Office of Hochiminh City, for the No.126. Market Management Unit of Hochiminh 9. Decree No.179/2004/ND-CP dated 21 City, Hochiminh City Custom October 2004: Regulation of Quality Department, Department of Science and Management of Products and Goods. Technology, Hochiminh City. 10. Decree No.50/2006/QĐ – TTg dated 07 2. Regulation No.04/2008/QD-BKHCN March 2006: List of Products and Goods dated 28 April 2008 of the Ministry of to Quality Testing Science and Technology. 11. Decree No.32/2007/NQ-CP dated 29 June 3. The “National Technical Regulation 2007 by the Prime Minister: Emergency on Protective Helmets for Motorcycle Solutions to Deal with Traffic Accident and Moped users” (QCVN 2: 2008/ and Congestion BKHCN). 12. Decree No.146/2007/NQ-CP dated 14 4. Product and Goods Quality Law No. September 2007 by the Prime Minister: 05/2007/QH12 dated 21 November Administrative Punishment in Road 2007 Transportation. 5. Criterion and Technical Standard Law 13. TCVN 6979: 2001 Standard of No.68/2006/QH11 dated 29 June 2006 Motorcycle Helmets for Children. 6. Decree No.126/2005/ND-CP dated 14. Traffic Law dated 29 June 2001. 10 October 2005: Regulation on Administrative Punishment of Products and Goods Quality and Assessment