Xúc tiến hoạt động toàn cầu hóa kinh tế mới nhờ sáng kiến “một vành đai - Một con đường” - Phân tích sơ đồ đường

Nội dung text: Xúc tiến hoạt động toàn cầu hóa kinh tế mới nhờ sáng kiến “một vành đai - Một con đường” - Phân tích sơ đồ đường

1. PROMOTING NEW ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION BY “ONE BELT AND ONE ROAD”- PATH ANALYSIS XÚC TIẾN HOẠT ĐỘNG TOÀN CẦU HÓA KINH TẾ MỚI NHỜ SÁNG KIẾN “MỘT VÀNH ĐAI - MỘT CON ĐƯỜNG” - PHÂN TÍCH SƠ ĐỒ ĐƯỜNG Wang Yan Party School of Shenyang Municipal Party Committee of CPC (Shenyang, China) Abstract: Economic globalization is an inevitable trend of world economic development, but the current mode is trapped in the pressure and dilemma of transformation. “One Belt and One Road” is a new proposal on international cooperation put forward by China under the new situation of economic globalization; as the generator of new power for globalization, it broke through the dilemma of the present economic globalization. “One Belt and One Road” fully reflects the new concepts of openness, inclusiveness, joint negotiation and construction, mutual benefits and win-win outcome. It will lay a solid foundation for globalization through interconnectivity, vitalize power resources for globalization through market-orientation, promote the restructuring of global value chain through international capacity cooperation, and initiate new human civilization through cultural exchange. The proposal and implementation of “One Belt and One Road” will promote a new round economic globalization as well as the formation and development of a new pattern of opening up in China and the world. Key words: “One Belt and One Road”, economic globalization, path Tóm tắt: Toàn cầu hóa kinh tế là một xu thế phát triển kinh tế thế giới tất yếu, nhưng mô hình hiện tại bị bó hẹp trong áp lực và tình thế khó xử từ việc chuyển đổi. “Một vành đai, một con đường” là đề án mới về hợp tác quốc tế do Trung Quốc khởi xướng trong tình hình toàn cầu hóa kinh tế mới. Là phương thức tạo động lực mới cho toàn cầu hóa, đề án đã vượt qua tình thế khó xử trong quá trình toàn cầu hóa kinh tế hiện tại. “Một vành đai, một con đường” thể hiện toàn diện những khái niệm mới về sự cởi mở, bao hàm, thương lượng và xây dựng chung, lợi ích từ hai phía và kết quả hai bên cùng có lợi. Nó sẽ tạo nền móng vững chắc cho quá trình toàn cầu hóa thông qua liên kết quốc tế, xây dựng nguồn lực lượng cho toàn cầu hóa nhờ định hướng thị trường, thúc đẩy tái cơ cấu chuỗi giá trị toàn cầu nhờ hợp tác năng lực quốc tế và khởi đầu nền văn minh nhân loại mới nhờ trao đổi văn hóa. Đề án này và việc thực hiện “Một vành đai, một con đường” sẽ thúc đẩy một quá trình toàn cầu hóa kinh tế mới cũng như tạo dựng và phát triển một đường hướng mở cửa ở Trung Quốc và trên thế giới. Key words: “One Belt and One Road”, economic globalization, path 275
2. 1. Breaking through the dilemma of economic globalization by “One Belt, One Road” 1.1 The trend of economic globalization Profound changes are taking place unprecedentedly around the world. The changes are extensive, but economic globalization and international economic integration are the major trends of economic development in the modern world. Particularly, the rapid progress and widespread extension of economic globalization during the past three decades was beyond imagination. Economic globalization has brought about transnational circulation of various economic elements such as capital, information, resources and products as well as other relevant elements like stuff, technology and ideology, greatly contributing to the integration and rapid growth of world economy. As Khanna, world- famous strategist and researcher from Brookings Institution, points out in his book Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization, the world is entering a new golden era of globalization. In the global village, people’s life and nations’ running can’t go without globalization. We can’t imagine what would happen if we went back to the old- fashioned isolated life. The essence of globalization lies in the optimal configuration of production factors and constant development of market opening. Therefore, economic globalization is a major trend since it conforms to the requirements of development of productive force and caters to the interests of all parties. Although it may cause problems such as unfair or imbalanced development to some degree, it will inevitably develop vigorously in the future. In the modern history, globalization has experienced three major periods, respectively Globalization1.0, i.e. the Age of Discovery, Globalization2.0, i.e. the Age of UK and Pound, and Globalization3.0, i.e. the Age of US and Dollar. The current globalization is in the European and American capitalist mode. During the past five centuries, globalization in the first 400 years was dominated by Europe, and then by US in the rest century. The upgraded Globalization4.0 will transform the world from hegemonism to diversified development, global economy will achieve profound integration, and global resources will circulate more efficiently. China is playing a crucial leading role in establishing new international economic order, which is inevitable in the era and in history. Globalization4.0 is round the corner. Though it will be very intricate to upgrade from Globalization3.0 to Globalization4.0, the trend is irreversible. 1.2 The dilemma and pressure of transformation of economic globalization The preceding globalization greatly contributed to constant economic growth around the world, but it also triggered a series of problems that have aroused international concern. Since the international financial crisis in 2008, economic globalization has stagnated and even receded, protectionism and internal concern around the world began to rise, and the multilateral trading system was battered; global financial risks were intensified; the role of cross-border trade in global economic growth was weakening; manufacturing reflux and energy independence in the US made its demand gradually develop toward “involution”; global trade imbalances have been alleviated but growth declined into a “New Mediocre” state. Globalization3.0 dominated by the United States and dollar was innately defected, because single currency and demand-driven pattern may 276
3. easily cause imbalanced global trade and investment. Currently, the globalization system is facing the pressure of transformation in the key period of fission. Globalization encourages competition and efficiency, but meanwhile, it also widens the gap between the rich and the poor since wealth is being increasingly concentrated in a few countries and interest groups. Developing countries perform unevenly while integrating into economic globalization: some countries (emerging economies represented by BRICS) have been involved in the division of labor in world economy but for a long time they’ve been hovering at the middle and lower reaches of the global value chain; some underdeveloped countries have not been involved in the global value chain and were forgotten because of deficiency in science, technology, and transportation, etc. Kyrghyzstan economy expert Gianabekove said that due to the widespread prevalence of seaborne trade and single currency clearing system in history, many European and Asian inland countries including Kyrghyzstan missed opportunities to develop, thus they were trapped in single economic development mode. “One Belt and One Road” (abbreviated to B&R, hereafter the same) conception will conduce to diverse development in those regions and even in the world, stimulate the economy to develop orderly, pluralistically and healthily, and contribute positively to remodeling globalization in the new era. After WTO’s “Doha Round” negotiation, globalization was hindered while regional economic communities began to thrive. Regional cooperation model aims to integrate regional resources and complement each other's advantages, which is generally beneficial for the development of world economy. But if we are contented with integration confined to small scope instead of worldwide integration, exclusive and parochial regional economic cooperation model will be formed, which will eventually affect the development of globalization. Only by promoting global economic recovery and growth as well as breaking through problems like imbalanced and unfair growth can economic globalization progress forward healthily. “One Belt and One Road” proposed by China will help to solve the dilemma of economic globalization. 1.3. Breaking through the dilemma of economic globalization by “One Belt, One Road” Proposed by Chinese president Xi Jinping under the new situation of economic globalization, B&R is a significant strategic decision made by China to respond to the profound development of economic globalization and to integrate international and intranational development. The proposal covers rich and extensive contents, fully reflects the new and open perceptions of constructing cooperative and win-win partnership and establishing a common human community. The presentation and implementation of the proposal is a prominent landmark for China to become a new pusher of economic globalization; it will contribute to the formation and development of new opening up patterns in China and the world. Construction of B&R will run through Eurasia continent, connecting Asian-Pacific economic circle in the east and entering European economic circle in the west, conducive to build a huge market of unprecedented scale and stimulate economic development in countries along the route. It’s actually a forerunner of Globalization4.0. The era of Globalization4.0 with China’s involvement and domination is 277
4. not going to construct a parallel hegemonic structure but aims to restore the defects of Globalization3.0 difficulty to optimize and evolve global governance structure caused by hegemonism and capriciousness of certain wealthy countries. B&R initiated by China is an important supporting point of UN’s 2030 Agenda for sustainable development and the creator of new power for globalization. The proposal will open channels of global circulation of production factors and promote balanced, inclusive and comprehensively beneficial globalization through interconnectivity and capacity cooperation. It has stepped into the world spotlight and showed healthy development direction for globalization. Getting rid of west-centered theory means breakthrough, while restructuring the discourse power of global economy means establishment. “One Belt and One Road” is promoting inclusive economic globalization and overpassing unfair, unreasonable and unsustainable globalization. Gustavo, director of Argentinean “Asia and Argentina” Research Center, points out that through restructuring the value chain, industry chain and supply chain, B&R proposed by China is weaving a three-dimensional trade and investment network, enabling the subzone countries that used to be at the periphery of globalization to get new opportunities, and explorers of the new era will gain unprecedented development opportunities along the new Silk Road. Ostrovsky, deputy director of Institute of Far Eastern Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, also indicates that B&R will bring new opportunities for the healthy development of economic globalization, from pushing economic development to promoting integration in political and social fields. 2. Fundamental concepts of “One Belt and One Road” and China’s practical experiences 2.1 Fundamental conceptions: expanding new space for world economic development through cooperation and mutual benefits “One Belt and One Road” conforms to the trend of the times in the 21st century peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefits, provides a huge inclusive development platform, and organically connects “Chinese Dream” to “World Dream”, which fully reflects the new and open perceptions of constructing cooperative and win-win partnership and establishing a common human community. The core concepts of B&R are openness, inclusiveness, joint negotiation and construction, mutual benefits and win-win outcome. Openness and inclusiveness means that regions and countries involved in B&R project are open any country can be a participant, constructor and beneficiary if it wishes. Joint negotiation and construction requires negotiating on the basis of equality, putting heads together, and fully exerting one’s strengths and abilities in order to build B&R favorably. Mutual benefits and win-win outcome means giving consideration to the interests of all parties, reflecting the requests of all parties, and benefiting people of all countries. On this basis, B&R will push countries to cooperate in a win-win pattern and develop together; it will eventually build a new pattern of international relations and promote political democratization in the international community. “One Belt and One Road” is dedicated to create new cooperative and win-win international relations; through policy communication, facility connectivity, unimpeded 278
5. trade, accommodation of funds and connecting popular sentiments, it aims to build a common community of interests, fate and responsibility with mutual political trust, economic integration, cultural inclusiveness, and to achieve common prosperity of China and countries along the route. Therefore, what B&R involves and solves is not just the development issue of China but also global problems such as poverty, the gap between the rich and poor, and global governance; it’s an innovative manner to solve global challenges and an important way to promote the achievement of UN’s goal of sustainable development by 2030. 2.2 China’s experiences: mode of revolution-construction-reform and opening up Globalization system is in a key period of transformation, so it’s necessary to notice that China repeatedly highlights the openness and inclusiveness of of “One Belt and One Road” it not only learns experiences and takes warning from the old order but also summarizes China’s experiences of reform, i.e. “periphery first and center later, increment first and stock later”. The perception of mutual benefits and win-win results actually reflects the successful experiences of China in the past thirty years: first, peaceful development is important than anything else; without peace and stability, nothing else could be achieved. Second, people’s livelihood is the orientation and everything should be dedicated to improve people’s life eventually; we can’t learn from the western mode which only leads to empty running of national political machines. Third, mutual and multifaceted benefit is the goal; globalization is an irresistible trend, but the new globalization must be guided by new perceptions it should be a win-win game instead of a zero-sum game as it used to be. Fourth, the new logic of globalization should consider the survival of ourselves as well as others, and promote the development and prosperity of ourselves as well as others. Meanwhile, B&R highlights that the method should be highly down-to-earth; it should be based on common negotiation, construction, sharing and benefits instead of ex parte giving. “To get rich we have to build roads first, and to get rich quickly we have to build highways” this is the experience summarized by Chinese folks during the reform and opening up. In fact, whether from top-level design or from specific experiences, each period of China’s revolution, construction and reform has generated a series of methods, experiences and modes with Chinese characteristics, providing rich nutrition for the construction of “One Belt and One Road”, especially the progressive reform and the orderly opening from coastal areas to the inland. Through pilot projects like industrial parks and economic corridors, China summarized experiences and than promoted them widely to other areas and projects, eventually forming the new pattern of Eurasia integration based on China’s domestic market integration and reaching out to the surrounding regions. For developing and underdeveloped countries along the route, it’s important experience to integrate into economic globalization and achieve self- development. 2.3 Differences between “One Belt and One Road” and Marshall Plan Some domestic and overseas media state that “One Belt and One Road” is the Chinese version of Marshall Plan, which is intentional or unintentional distortion. Actually, 279
6. the two are largely different. First, their bases are different. B&R is neither an economic aid program nor the consequence of geopolitics; rather, it’s a global industrial division system based on geoeconomics and comparative advantages. As a new mode of international economic cooperation proposed by China, it’s not only beneficial for China’s interests but also conducive to the development of countries and regions along the route. Secondly, they differ in historical background. B&R is committed to peaceful development and adding power to the construction of world economy, while Marshall Plan was the prelude of the cold war after WWII and laid economic foundation for NATO. Thirdly, they differentiate greatly in conditions and contents. Marshall Plan set regulations and rules for recipient countries who could only unconditionally accept the time limit and high interest rate, and finally established hegemonism of US dollar. On the contrary, B&R, through construction of infrastructure projects, adopts market operation mode, follows the law of the market and popular international rules, and advocates bilateral and two-way selection in financial cooperation. Finally, they reflect differences in international relations. According to Marshall Plan, the US provided aid for the “Second World”; by contrast, B&R reflects new international relations and promotes many-to-many cooperation mode among developing countries. It doesn’t mean that Chinese government will provide foreign aid; through establishing open international development financing institutions, it aims to provide more public products for relevant countries and regions; it’s a great cause of long- lasting development without time limit. Therefore, B&R is not a Chinese version but the transcendence of Marshall Plan. 3. Promoting economic globalization by “One Belt and One Road”: path analysis 3.1 B&R: Laying a solid foundation through interconnectivity Different countries in the world have different resource endowments with great complementarity, so they are highly inter-dependent in terms of potential and demand. However, due to the relative backwardness in building inter-connective hardware and software, there lacks corresponding foundation and prerequisites for the profound development of globalization. As stated by Huang Wei, director of Global Governance Research Division of Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, “if there isn’t guarantee in infrastructure construction like roads and communications, it will be very difficult to integrate into globalized production activities. B&R can provide help for the disadvantaged groups and underdeveloped countries, which has already been proved during the process of poverty alleviation.” Khanna, world-famous strategist and researcher from Brookings Institution, points out that the revolution of global interconnectivity has already begun, while the Silk Road economic belt built by China is a proposal advocating the largest-scale infrastructure investment in world history. Infrastructure construction in the following 40 years will surpass the total amount of infrastructure built in the past 4,000 years. Construction of railways, roads, tunnels, electricity networks and cables will bring greater benefits to all countries. Kyrghyzstan’s former president Akayev also admits that B&R is a new mode of international relations and world trade based on the common benefits of all participating countries, which will make globalization fairer and more humane. 280
7. B&R mainly focuses on policy communication, facility connectivity, unimpeded trade, accommodation of funds and connecting popular sentiments; it’s positively planning the construction of China-Mongolia-Russia and New Eurasia Land Bridges as well as economic corridors such as China-Central Asia-West Asia, China-Indo-China Peninsula, China-Pakistan, and Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar. The constant strengthening of cooperation in these key fields and the continuous progress in cooperative planning have established transnational and cross-regional interconnective networks for relevant countries, and the networks are constantly stretching to every corner of the world. To some extent, B&R is just like the pivot of global interconnectivity which guides the world to build a new pattern of global interconnectivity and provides continuous fundamental support for the new round globalization. Countries alone the route can participate in the project voluntarily, gain new power through cooperation in economy, trade and industrial investment, and connect themselves to the construction of B&R, so as to achieve diverse, balanced and sustainable development. For instance, ASEAN countries’ key concern at present is sustainable development and interconnectivity; since Vietnam’s construction of “Two Corridors and One Circle” corresponds with China’s construction of “One Belt and One Road”, China and Vietnam should greatly promote interconnective cooperation projects under the framework of “Two Corridors and One Circle” and “One Belt and One Road”, and deepen their cooperation based on their co-efforts in various fields in the past for the sake of mutual benefits and win-win outcome. 3.2 B&R: Vitalizing power resources for globalization through market-orientation To a large extent, the inefficient and unreasonable distribution of global resources eroded the power for globalization and hindered people from all countries to share the benefits brought by globalization. Determining the distribution of global resources through market principles is not only conducive to improving the efficiency of the distribution of resources, especially the scarce resources, but also directly driving production factors such as stuff, capital and technology to circulate more conveniently and freely. Although B&R is a cooperation proposal put forward by Chinese government, it consistently insists on market operation in the whole process so that market can play a decisive role and enterprises can play a dominant role in resource allocation. For specific projects, marketed operation has relatively clear goals and can easily win consensus, which will help to erase divergences among governments of all countries and promote governments and social subjects to establish a community to “share interests and risks and cooperate comprehensively”; eventually, a relatively stable and highly efficient cooperative network will be established. 3.3 B&R: Restructuring the global value chain through international capacity cooperation While helping developing countries improve their infrastructure construction and build logistics channels, B&R will also assist them to develop key industrial sectors such as textiles, household appliances, automobile manufacturing, steel and electric power through capacity cooperation, which is beneficial for their structural transformation of economy. Since the 1990s, China gained world factories during the industrial transfer of 281
8. international manufacturing; currently, it’s undergoing industrial restructuring and upgrading and has issued the plan “Made in China 2025” accordingly. Countries along the route of B&R are in different stages of industrialization, and part of China’s labor concentrated industries and capital concentrated industries are expected to transferred to the participating countries, providing opportunities for developing and underdeveloped countries to join world economic division of labor. These countries are expected to be involved in the new round globalization, push the restructuring of global value chain and gradually help to form coordinated development and production chain. For instance, countries like Bangladesh and Tajikistan along the route were involved in the global production chain of textile industry through B&R construction. 3.4 B&R: Promoting the formation of new rules of economic globalization based on mutual benefits and win-win results Due to the unfair distribution of interests in the development of economic globalization, various forms of protectionism came into existence, becoming the largest obstacle to the progress of globalization. One of the important goals of B&R is to guarantee the sustainable development of economy of all countries involved; we don’t seize stocks but promote increment, with the starting point and objective of achieving common prosperity of all participating countries. All countries’ efforts to achieve common benefits, win-win outcome and common flourishing will serve as a guarantee for global sustainable development and reflects the significance of the increasingly deepening globalization. China participates in economic globalization based on the principle of mutual benefits and win-win results, firmly safeguards reasonable rules, positively involves in revising unreasonable rules and formulating new ones, so that economic globalization can promote economic development to a larger degree in China and the world. As the African proverb goes, “If you want to walk fast, walk alone; if you want to walk far, walk together.” The only way for China to keep steady development is to carry out positive and active diplomatic interaction with countries along the route, seek common ground while reserving differences, and share development dividends with them. Globalization4.0 pushed by B&R comprehensively surpassed Globalization3.0 in terms of perceptions; it’s an important opportunity for newly-emerging great powers and developing countries. The Chinese mode smashes the myth of the so-called “universal value” advocated by western countries and encourages developing countries to independently explore their development paths according with their national conditions, restoring the diversity of the world. Therefore, during the globalization process, countries along the route should take their own development practices into consideration, actively involve in the formulation of new rules of economic globalization, promotes democracy in international relations and legalization in international governance, attach importance to solving problems in terms of equality and justice, and steer economic globalization to develop in a more inclusive, widely beneficial and healthier manner. 3.5 B&R: Initiating new human civilization through cultural exchange Both the ancient Silk Roads and the modern B&R were derived from different nations’ yearning for and involvement in cultural exchange and integration as well as their 282
9. desire to establish a platform to learn from others’ strengths to offset their own weaknesses in culture and art, to develop commerce and trade activities vigorously, and to communicate with and borrow from different civilizations. Cultural exchange and cooperation contribute to the development different civilizations. The ancient Silk Roads not only composed splendid ancient civilizations but also provided rich contents and nutrition for modern civilization, having played a positive role in economic and trade cooperation, cultural exchange and stabilization of nations. B&R construction will also play a unique role in the three aspects. B&R construction should further deepen the cultural exchange and cooperation among countries along the route, simultaneously spread the remarkable Chinese civilization and explore the profound cultural deposits of these countries, inherit and develop the widely gracious and deeply inspiring cultural symbol of the Silk Roads, and positively exert the functions of cultural exchange and cooperation. Consequently, it will enable countries along the route to take in and integrate the reasonable contents of foreign cultures, and promote grand civilization exchange and social development of China and these countries. B&R will enable the world to share China’s opportunities, modes and schemes, promote the inheritance and revitalization of history and culture, and initiate new human civilization of the 21st century. REFERENCES: WANG Yi-wei, 2016. Interpretation in Civilization of “One Belt and One Road”. Journal of Xinjiang Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)，Vol.37, 2016(1). National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Commerce, 2015. Vision and Action of Promoting Joint Construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. Mar.28, 2015. Wang Yiwei, 2015. One Belt and One Road: Opportunities and Challenges. Beijing: People’s Publishing House, pp.1 Xie Lujiang, 2016. China As a New Pusher of Economic Globalization Reviewing China’s New Pattern of Opening up from the Perspective of “One Belt and One Road”. Journal of Guihai Symposium, 2016(1) Su Ge, 2016. The Belt and Road Initiative in Global Perspective. Research on International Issues, 2016(2) Pei Changhong & Yu Yan, 2015. “One Belt and One Road” Construction and the Further Opening-up of China. International Economics and Trade Research, Vol.31, 2015(10) 283