Awareness of the 4th industrial revolution among young people

Nội dung text: Awareness of the 4th industrial revolution among young people

1. Nguyễn Đức Lộc, Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Thanh – Volume 2 – Issue 4-2020, p.442-457. Awareness of the 4th industrial revolution among young people by Nguyễn Đức Lộc, Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Thanh (Social Life Research Institute ) Article Info: Received 25 July 2020, Accepted 20 Aug 2020, Available online 15 Dec,2020 Corresponding author: locnd@sociallife.vn (Nguyễn Đức Lộc Assoc.Prof., Ph.D) ABSTRACT In order to have an overview of the current quality of youth labor and its readiness for the emergence of the fourth industrial revolution (or Industry 4.0), measuring the understanding of students about the Industry 4.0 in the context of Vietnam's digital economy is essential. As the young's perception in the present- day context can be seen as a crucial manifestation to evaluate their awareness levels on how this revolution impacts their joining the labor market. In addition, the young’s awareness is an important information source in orienting their own behavior accordingly, which is also an indication of the level of their willingness to adapt to the digital age. As the result of previous qualitative and quantitative surveys, this article addresses the awareness characteristics of young people, thereby exploring their capacity for self-assessment about risks or career opportunities in the context of Industry 4.0. Keywords: awareness, professional capacity, fourth industrial revolution 1. Introduction Many studies have mentioned that Industry 4.0 expectedly affects many fields in contemporary society, especially in the field of labor and employment. Schwab (2018) focuses on this revolution’s impact on business, economy, individuals, society, country, 442
2. Thu Dau Mot University Journal of Science – Volume 2 – Issue 4-2020 etc. The study provides an overview of the Industry 4.0. Besides, in terms of policy, it can be seen that the developed countries have made strategic preparations. Typically in the US, the National Science and Technology Council has issued a national strategy for advanced manufacturing in 2013 (Foresight, 2013). In France, a new industrial development strategy was issued by the government's technology council in 2013 (Liao, 2018). In 2014, Korean government announced "3.0 Manufacturing Innovation", which emphasizes new strategies and missions for domestic production (Kang et al., 2016). Meanwhile, Chinese Government has adopted the ―Made in China 2025‖ strategy along with the ―Internet Plus‖ plan in 2015. This can be considered as China's priority to accelerate data sharing and industrialization. (Li, 2015). Through these researches, we can partly imagine how developed countries have been preparing for the upcoming 4.0 industrial revolution. More specifically, (Schrửder, 2016) mentioned the importance of this industrial revolution in the business sector. Accordingly, the topic refers to significant changes in job sectors by the scientific and technological revolution. In his conclusion, the author also emphasizes that this change, however, does not lead to unemployment. Christian's view was also concurred by many researchers in the seminar on the topic of the 4th Industrial Revolution and manufacturing in Vietnam (2017). During the conference, most of the presentations did not only focus on the opportunities and challenges of Industry 4.0, but also emphasized Asia's experience in improving and transforming the quality of human resources (Udal Singh Mehta, 2017; Pavida Pananond, 2017). Hendri Saparini (2017) shared Indonesia's experience with the article ―Challenges for Indonesia in the digital economic era: The appeal of skilled labor‖ . Meanwhile, Park Myung-Joon (2017), the author of the essay ―Korean 4th Industrial Development Fund‖, conducted a survey on 25 million workers in 414 enterprises and agencies. He mentioned impressive figures on the transformation in employment, which shows that about 49.7 percent of global workforce's working time can now be "automated" in 2030. According to Park Myung-Joon (2017), emerging jobs are related to software engineering, data science, and their respective specialists. In that context, the adaptability in a transforming industry towards the digital economy is creating challenges for young people, they are hence required to be fully aware of social change and thereby adapt to this fast-paced environment. 2. Research Methods In this article, we collect and analyze information by both quantitative and qualitative methods. 443
3. Nguyễn Đức Lộc, Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Thanh – Volume 2 – Issue 4-2020, p.442-457. – With quantitative research method, a questionnaire-survey is used with the following sampling method The data sampling method of this article follows the typical quotas and stratification. According to Hair and CTG (2006), the minimum sample size used for factor analysis is 50, preferably 100. While the ratio of observations / measurement variables is 5: 1 (each measurement variable needs minimum 5 times of observations). If using Exploratory Factor Analysis, the minimum sample size must be five times higher than the total number of observed variables. The minimum sample size for university students, therefore, will be: n = 5 * m = 5 * 20 = 100. Whilst that of the employee will be: n = 5 * m = 5 * 30 = 150. Accordingly, 1000 quantitative questionnaires, based on quota and multi-stage sampling, are conducted and divided into two groups: final-year students by sectors and the working people in four key industries of the city. – With qualitative research method, we conducted in-depth interviews two main subject groups, namely students and working people: A total of 110 in-depth interviews are conducted. Among those, about 10% of the subjects, which is equivalent to 97 interviews, is also interviewed according to the semi- structured technique. In addition, unstructured interviews are conducted on 8 business managers and 5 lecturers based on living context, practical work in order to research experiences, labor trends during the Industry 4.0 era. 3. Findings 3.1. Understanding about labor market trends in the context of Industry 4.0 The survey results show that students of both genders have certain interest in Industry 4.0. In particular, their means of information access are mainly through the media. A senior student at the department of Chemical Technology of a public university explained the concept of Industry 4.0 that: “I have heard about this term a lot from the Internet, from relatives and from my internship. This is the era when machines have gradually replaced humans. Machines can be linked together by interconnected software under the control of humans.” (SV01, Year 4, Chemical Technology, A public university) Another student also studying Chemical Technology at the same university added: “A lot, from the media and also from my friends who regularly share about Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 will change the world, it will connect everything together through the internet. At that time, automation will take over human’s role in many job sectors. This revolution has already happened throughout the world, 444
4. Thu Dau Mot University Journal of Science – Volume 2 – Issue 4-2020 but it has not made much progress in Vietnam.” (SV01, Year 4, Chemical Technology, A public university) The commonly used words among the young such as: ―The 4th Industrial Revolution‖, ―machine‖, ―link‖, ―software‖, ―connection‖, ―automation‖, etc.‖ have described the basic features of the Industry 4.0 concept in the digital economy. However, these understandings mostly stay at word-of-mouth level. From the above data, an assumption is made that whether the digital media (search results on August 27th / 2018 on Google for about 6,350,000 in 0.42 seconds) had particularly impacted on young people's perception about Industry 4.0. However, it is worth mentioning that, to what extent is this understanding? Perhaps the media and people’s interest stem from the view and policies of the government in this matter. Thus it can be seen that, in the current context, media and social networks are gradually becoming one of the main channels to access information among students. To a certain extent, the media are having effects on students’ understanding. However, there are still many existing issues in communication about this subject, which was mentioned as an example in the following sharing of a female manager, former head of the Faculty of International Relations at a public university: “4.0 now in Vietnam is mainly propaganda while it is only 2.0. Because of that intimidation and propaganda, people keep thinking 4.0 as something sublime, and many people find it unattainable.”(Female manager 01, former head of the Faculty of International Relations, Public Sector University) When the concept of Industry 4.0 is brought to the media, more or less, it creates different perceptions among people. Especially the universities see this as a historical turning point of the humankind, and the Vietnamese national leaders consider this as an opportunity to create an image of a developed country. However, the media wave also raised many doubts about the real impact of this revolution on Vietnam's life and development. Therefore, we also acknowledge the opinion of an educational expert that the goal of education is quite extensive and covers all areas of society. Industry 4.0 or similar names is one of the critical conditions for socio-economic development, but it is only a part of the contents of education and training. Thus, if we only focus on Industry 4.0 and start-up, it is not adequate and easy to turn into a movement that is purely formal and non-essential: “Although I worked as a manager of human resources development department for a US state for many years, I have never heard of high-quality human resources, but this term is popular in Vietnam. The same goes to when we talk a lot about Technology 445
5. Nguyễn Đức Lộc, Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Thanh – Volume 2 – Issue 4-2020, p.442-457. 4.0 or entrepreneurship and want to include it in high school and university curriculum. In the age of technology and integration, everything will self-change in a fast pace, thus in basic education the strategy should not be built by phase or campaign, but must be inclusive and permanent” (Male expert 01, member of National Council for Education and Human Development) The assessment of this expert, perhaps also implies the bias in the meaning and concept of Industry 4.0, as well as implicit consequences for educational perspectives in Vietnam, which currently have conflicts between social expectations and the education reforms of the Ministry of Education and Training. The analysis result presented in Figure 1 below shows the general situation of the level of understanding of young human resources, almost all of the concepts related to Industry 4.0 are not understood fully and applied practically by the majority of young people. In particular, at the level of clear understanding and practical application, only the term "Communication and network connection" has the highest rate of choice with 25.1% while the rest are assessed by young people for their level of understanding and appliance below 10%; the level of awareness without practical use ranges from 10-20% with all terms except the term "Robot" with 25.4%. Especially, in most terms, except for the term "Communication and Internet connection" (16.1%), the proportion of young human resources to have never heard or heard about but do not understand accounting for a high proportion (ranging from 23.3% to 67%), of which the term "Virtual industrialization" has never been heard by young people or heard about but not understood, accounting for the highest percentage with 67%. 446
6. Thu Dau Mot University Journal of Science – Volume 2 – Issue 4-2020 Figure 1. Young people's level of understanding about related terms of Industry 4.0 To analyze the differences in the perception of labor market trends between students (university students) and working people (working people in enterprises), we conduct a sample average test (T-Test) and the results in Table 1 show sufficient statistical evidence (p <0.01) to indicate a difference in the level of understanding of the term ―Digital Technology ‖(2.72 vs. 2.91) between these two groups. The results were similar to the assessment of understanding of the terms "Big data" (2.67 vs. 2.87), "Robot" (2.97 vs 3.16), and "Virtual Industrialization‖(2.11 vs. 2.32). On the other hand, when comparing the level of understanding between working people and students with terms such as "Communication and network connection", "Automation and data exchange", "Cloud computing" and "Supporting manufacturing industry", the results of the test for mean difference between these two groups did not have enough statistical evidence to indicate the difference. TABLE 1. Comparison of the difference in understanding of terms related to Industry 4.0 between students and working people Subjects Understanding of terms Industry 4.0 Working people Students F p-value Mean S.D Mean S.D Digital Technology 2,72 1,019 2,91 0,968 3,852 0,004* Communication and network connection 3,52 1,110 3,46 1,045 4,782 0,432 Big data 2,67 1,039 2,87 1,056 0,508 0,004* Robot 2,97 0,889 3,16 0,819 0,000 0,001* Automation and data exchange 3,04 1,018 3,04 1,025 0,178 1,000 Cloud computing 2,67 1,139 2,62 1,118 0,002 0,465 Virtual Industrialization 2,11 0,963 2,32 1,117 33,633 0,002* Supporting manufacturing industry 2,72 1,132 2,80 1,082 0,362 0,271 * Statistical significance in α= 0,01; Source: Results from the 2019 survey The difference in the level of understanding of the terms "Digital technology", "Big data", "Robot" and "Virtual industrialization" between the the working people and students is presented through Table 2 below. The results show that working people who have never heard or heard but did not understand the four terms above account for a much higher proportion than that of students. At the same time, students who have heard and understood the four terms above accounts for a much higher percentage than those who have already worked. At this point, the university training environment is likely playing its role well in raising awareness for students (one of young human resources) to understand the above four 447
7. Nguyễn Đức Lộc, Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Thanh – Volume 2 – Issue 4-2020, p.442-457. terms in the Industry 4.0 era. The level of clear understanding and practical application accounts for the most modest percentage in these two subjects, similar to the aforementioned comments, although there is a little difference. The similarity in level of understanding in terms of Industry 4.0 such as "Communication and network connection", "Automation and data exchange", "Cloud Computing", and "Manufacturing Industry Support "between 02 subjects of working people and students is demonstrated in Table 2 below with the results: both working people and students understand well and apply in practice the term "Communication and network connection‖ with the highest rate of all the investigated terms related to Industry 4.0 (28.3% and 20.3%), almost all of them have heard or heard and understood this term with a very high rate (97.5% on both objects). Similar to the term "Automation and data exchange", almost all of them have heard or heard and understood this term with a very high rate (95.2% for working people and 94% with students). Particularly for the two terms "Cloud Computing" and "Supporting Manufacturing Industry", it seems that both students and working people are quite unfamiliar with this term when they rated ―never heard‖ from 13-16.8%, however, similar to the two terms mentioned above, the number who have heard or heard and understood these terms reached a fair high rate (86% with working people and 83.2% with school attendees in the term "Cloud computing", 84.8% with working people and 87% with students in the term "Supporting manufacturing industry"). TABLE 2: The similarity in the level of understanding of terms related to the 4th Industrial Revolution between students and working people Objects Working people Students Quantity Scale Quantity Scale Communication Never heard about 15 2,5% 10 2,5% and Network Heard but did not understand 79 13,2% 57 14,2% connection Heard and understood 258 43,0% 153 38,3% Understood but did not apply 78 13,0% 99 24,8% Understood and applied 170 28,3% 81 20,3% Automation and Never heard about 29 4,8% 24 6,0% data exchange Heard but did not understand 155 25,8% 98 24,5% Heard and understood 240 40,0% 151 37,8% Understood but did not apply 118 19,7% 94 23,5% Understood and applied 58 9,7% 33 8,3% 448
8. Thu Dau Mot University Journal of Science – Volume 2 – Issue 4-2020 Cloud computing Never heard about 84 14,0% 67 16,8% Heard but did not understand 216 36,0% 133 33,3% Heard and understood 168 28,0% 109 27,3% Understood but did not apply 79 13,2% 69 17,3% Understood and applied 53 8,8% 22 5,5% Supporting Never heard about 91 15,2% 52 13,0% manufacturing Heard but did not understand 169 28,2% 109 27,3% industry Heard and understood 203 33,8% 121 30,3% Understood but did not apply 89 14,8% 102 25,5% Understood and applied 48 8,0% 16 4,0% With young men and women, we also conduct a sample average test (T-Test) to analyze whether there is a difference in perception of labor market trends between men and women. And the results in Table 3 show that we have enough statistical evidence at p<0.01 to point out that there is a difference between men and women in the level of understanding of the term "Digital Technology" (2 , 92 versus 2.73); "Big data" (2.91 vs. 2.66); "Cloud Computing" (2.87 vs. 2.52); "Virtual Industrialization " (2.44 vs. 2.06) and "Supporting manufacturing industry" (2.91 vs. 2.67). The results were similar to the assessment of the level of understanding of the terms "Communication and network connection" (3.38 versus 3.56) between men and women, but at the statistical significance level p<0.05. On the other hand, when comparing the level of knowledge between men and women with terms such as "Robot", "Automation and data exchange", the results of the mean difference test between these two groups does not have enough statistical evidence to indicate any difference. Differences in the level of understanding of the terms "Digital technology", "Communication and Network connection", "Big data", "Cloud computing" and "Virtual Industrialization" and ―Supporting manufacturing industry‖ between these two objects men and women are more specific through the Table 3 below. The results show that in terms "Digital Technology", "Big data", "Cloud computing" and "Virtual industrialization" and "Supporting manufacturing industry", young men who have never heard or heard but did not understand about the five aforementioned terms account for a much lower percentage than young female workers, at the same time, it is also young men who heard and understood those five terms account for a much higher rate than their female fellows. However, as for the term "Communication and Network connection", young female who understood and applied this term in practice account for a much higher proportion than the male counterpart. At the same time, the proportion of women who have never heard of it, or heard but did not understand also accounts for a lower rate than 449
9. Nguyễn Đức Lộc, Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Thanh – Volume 2 – Issue 4-2020, p.442-457. the male one. Up to this point, the term "Communication and Network connection" in the era of Industry 4.0 seems to be more attractive to young women , and men seem to have a more comprehensive attitudes in issues related to Industry 4.0 than women. TABLE 3: Comparison of differences in understanding of terms related to the 4th Industrial Revolution between men and women Subjects Understanding the term of the 4th Male Female F p-value Industrial Revolution Mean S.D Mean S.D Digital technology 2,92 1,006 2,73 0,995 0.950 0,003* Communication and Network connection 3,38 1,060 3,56 1,093 3,881 0,010 Big data 2,91 1,039 2,66 1,046 4,462 0,000* Robot 3,10 0,881 3,02 0,857 2,203 0,162 Automation and data exchange 3,11 0,977 2,99 1,042 0,276 0,077 Cloud computing 2,87 1,103 2,52 1,128 2,741 0,000* Virtual industrialization 2,44 1,092 2,06 0,970 23,279 0,000* Supporting manufacturing industry 2,91 1,108 2,67 1,106 2,164 0,001* * Statistically significant at α= 0,01; Source: Survey results 2019 The similarity in the level of understanding of terms related to Industry 4.0 such as "Robot", "Automation and data exchange" between young male and female human resources is shown in Table 4 below: both young men and women understood clearly and have applied the term "robot" into practice with a very low rate (4.4% and 2.8%), people who have heard or heard and understood this term account for a very high rate (91.7% for men and 92.7% for women); With the term "Automation and data exchange", it is different from the term "Robot" when both men and women have a higher rate of understanding and have applied this term in practice. (9.1%), almost all of them have heard or heard and understood this term with a relatively high rate (87.5% for men and 84.5% for women). The rate of never heard about these two terms of both subjects accounts for a low rate from 3.3% -6.4%. However, for the answer of never heard and heard but did not understand, the rate is remarkable at the level of 22.2% - 32.7%. TABLE 4. The similarity in the level of understanding of terms related to Industry 4.0 between young male and female human resources 450
10. Thu Dau Mot University Journal of Science – Volume 2 – Issue 4-2020 Objects Male Female Quantity Scale Quantity Scale Robot Never heard about 14 3,9% 29 4,5% Heard but did not understand 66 18,3% 124 19,4% Heard and understood 168 46,5% 311 48,7% Understood but did not apply 97 26,9% 157 24,6% Understood and applied 16 4,4% 18 2,8% Automation Never heard about 12 3,3% 41 6,4% and data Heard but did not understand 85 23,5% 168 26,3% exchange Heard and understood 148 41,0% 243 38,0% Understood but did not apply 83 23,0% 129 20,2% Understood and applied 33 9,1% 58 9,1% Source: Survey results 2019 The in-depth interview data also describes the understanding of students and young workers about the concepts in the 4th Industrial Revolution: “Actually, I've been heard about this for a long time, I just heard but haven't learned much about this. I imagine it as a modern technology which can help me save time, save effort, bring high efficiency. But honestly I just imagine and I don't really know what it is. " (Male, 29 years old, English teacher) “About Industry 4.0, I have heard a lot about it, but to understand in details, I don’t know much about it. I only understand the 4th Industrial Revolution as a digital technology, which is more modernized in production and automobile technology. (Female, 24 years old, an employee of a foreign enterprise) The words used by insiders such as: the fourth revolution, machines, links, software, connections, automation have described the basic features of the Industry 4.0 concept in the digital economy. It can be seen that the above cases describe the basic concepts of the Industry 4.0 in the digital economy. However, these understandings mostly stay at the level of word-of-mouth, conversations or videos about Industry 4.0 in the digital economy. 3.2. Young people’s opinion about the effects of The Fourth Industrial Revolution on the labour market. 451
11. Nguyễn Đức Lộc, Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Thanh – Volume 2 – Issue 4-2020, p.442-457. Understanding definitions related to The Fourth Industrial Revolution, young people have been aware of the trend of the labor market. This requires a preparation to meet demands of the future labour market. Figure 2: Young people’s opinion about the effects of The Fourth Industrial Revolution on the labour market. Figure 2 shows young people’s opinion about the effects of The Fourth Industrial Revolution on the labour market: The top 3 factors considered to bring highest positive effects are Apply communication and network connection into work (74.8%, very positive 38.3%), Apply Automation and data exchange into work (66.1%, very positive 28.6%), Apply Digital technology and creativity into work (64.8%, very positive 27.5%). Nowadays, labour market tends to focus on information technology, electronic technology, car technology or software development. Markets require young labour resources to have good health and good knowledge of their major. Energy and eagerness are the advantages of young labour. Somehow they can gain experience of 2 or 3 working years just in 1 years. They also study and research to apply gained knowledge and skills into work. (Female, 30 years old, Accountant). On the other hand, ―Apply Virtual industrialization into work‖ is at the lowest rate (very positive 16.4%, very negative 17.6%). It is understandable because most people joining in this survey have never heard or known much about the definition of ―Virtual industrialization‖. That is the reason why the job tendency related to this definition is lowest. To indicate whether there is a difference in perception of the impact of Industry 4.0 on labor market between working people and students, we conducted T - Test to analyse the 452
12. Thu Dau Mot University Journal of Science – Volume 2 – Issue 4-2020 difference in opinion of students and working people about the tendency of labour market. The result in Table 5 shows enough statistical evidence at p 36.5%), Apply robots into work (64.5% > 45.3%), Apply Supporting manufacturing 453
13. Nguyễn Đức Lộc, Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Thanh – Volume 2 – Issue 4-2020, p.442-457. industry into work (66.3% > 50.7%) and Apply digital technology and creativity into work (73.8% > 58.8%). Meanwhile, working people tend to be more pessimistic, especially in Apply Virtual industrialization into work (22.2% > 10.8%), Apply robots to work (17.3% > 6.5%). In general, students tend to think more optimistically since they have not been involved in difficulties of working life as their counterpart. However, we still need to explain why working people do not appreciate the application of robot into work while robot is of one the key trends of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The Industry 4.0 can improve the income and living standard of everyone, as well as promote the global economy. It also brings many opportunities and challenges when automation gradually replaces the role of human in the production chain. The labour market will be more challenging and young labors are required to have better knowledge and skills rising demands from employers. To explore the awareness of young people about Industry 4.0 in terms of knowledge as well as opportunities and challenges to their career, this survey asks people 7 questions to measure considerations among young people about their own opportunities and challenges from the labour market in the Industry 4.0. The questions (indicators) include: opportunities and threats in job searching and options, job changing, technology control, working in globalization, income stability, ability to work individually and teamwork. We use scale 1 to 5 (1 is the lowest and 5 is the highest). 4. Conclusion The data of this survey shows that most young people “just get to know, but do not really understand” the definitions related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Even a majority have never heard about these terms while they are still limited in daily use. This is understandable because the definition of 4.0 Industrial Revolution was not released until its Industry 4.0st appearance in the Hannover Fair (Germany) in 2011. Moreover, in Vietnam, the concept of Industry 4.0 in the digital economy has only been used in the mass media since the Report on Career Future from World Economic Forum (WEF) in 2016. This report was translated and summarized by a number of mainstream newspapers. Therefore, the limited knowledge about Industry 4.0 among young people is explainable. On the other hand, from the above data, an assumption is made that whether the concept of the Industry 4.0 in the Vietnamese digital economy concerned and reported by the digital media on a daily basis (daily search results of 11/11/2019 on Google produced about 1,750,000 in 0.42 seconds) has affected people's awareness, especially young people to some extents. However, another concern to be mentioned here is how deep is the level of this knowledge? 454
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