Năng suất lao động của Việt Nam trong cộng đồng kinh tế ASEAN: Tình hình và chính sách thực hiện

Nội dung text: Năng suất lao động của Việt Nam trong cộng đồng kinh tế ASEAN: Tình hình và chính sách thực hiện

1. LABOR PRODUCTIVITY OF VIETNAM IN ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY: SITUATION AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICY NĂNG SUẤT LAO ĐỘNG CỦA VIỆT NAM TRONG CỘNG ĐỒNG KINH TẾ ASEAN: TÌNH HÌNH VÀ CHÍNH SÁCH THỰC HIỆN Dr Chu Thi Thuy - M.A Nguyen Dac Thanh Thuongmai University Abstract Labor productivity is a vital indicator offering a dynamic measure of economic growth, competitiveness and living standards within an economy. According to APO productivity data book 2014 Vietnam is one of the lowest productivity in ASEAN, our country is 8th post in ASEAN productivity ranking. It became one of the drawback when ASEAN economic community is coming. The paper use secondary data from international organization to show current situation of Vietnam’s labor productivity. Then, the article shows their limitation and their cause and finally give some policy implications toward improvement labor productivity of Vietnam. These policies implementation concentrate on transition economic growth model from wide growth to deep growth, enhancing national competitiveness ability and it is essential that to improve labor productivity growth rate. Keyword: APO, ASEAN economic community; GSO; ILO; Labor productivity, VNPI. Tóm tắt Năng suất lao động là một chỉ số quan trọng cung cấp biện pháp năng động về tăng trưởng kinh tế, sức cạnh tranh và chất lượng cuộc sống trong một nền kinh tế. Theo sách số liệu năng suất của APO năm 2014, Việt Nam là một trong những nước có năng suất thấp nhất trong ASEAN, nước ta đứng thứ 8 trong bảng xếp hạng về năng suất ở ASEAN. Điều này trở thành một trong những hạn chế khi kỳ họp cộng đồng kinh tế các nước ASEAN đang đến gần. Báo cáo này sử dụng dữ liệu thứ cấp từ các tổ chức quốc tế để thể hiện tình hình hiện tại về năng suất lao động của Việt Nam. Sau đó, bài viết cho thấy sự hạn chế và nguyên nhân gây ra và cuối cùng đưa ra một số gợi ý về chính sách nhằm cải thiện năng suất lao động của Việt Nam. Các chính sách này được thực hiện tập trung vào mô hình tăng trưởng kinh tế chuyển đổi từ tăng trưởng rộng đến tăng trưởng sâu, nâng cao năng lực cạnh tranh quốc gia và điều cốt yếu là để nâng cao tốc độ tăng năng suất lao động. Từ khóa: APO, cộng đồng kinh tế ASEAN; Tổng cục Thống kê; ILO; Năng suất lao động, VNPI. Introduction 1.1 Literature review Improving productivity is a major concern for any profit-oriented organization, as representing the effective and efficient conversion of resources into marketable products and determining business profitability (Wilcox et al, 2000). Consequently, considerable 914
2. effort has been directed to understanding the productivity concept, with the different approaches taken by researchers resulting in a wide variety of definitions of productivity (Lema, 1995; Pilcher, 1997; Oglesby, 2002). Productivity has been generally defined as the ratio of outputs to inputs. Construction projects are mostly labour-based with basic hand tools and equipment, as labour costs comprise 30 to 50 % of overall projects costs (Guhathakurta and Yates, 1993). Therefore, while numerous construction labour productivity research studies have been undertaken, only a few have addressed the productivity issue in developing countries. Lema (1995) observed that labour productivity data were not available from Tanzanian construction established on the basis of actual site observations. Accordingly, on the basis of limited data, it was concluded that labour utilization on construction sites was less than 30 % in Tanzania. Olomolaiye et al (1998) briefly studied labour productivity on construction sites in Nigeria. Their study concluded that there was a need for establishing output figures on various construction sites through time study techniques. It was concluded that method studies and research results should be disseminated not only to large firms but also to small firms so the most productive working methods (or best practices) could be adopted by operatives, resulting in increased output without necessarily increasing physical efforts. Lim et al (1995) studied factors affecting productivity in the construction industry in Singapore. Their findings indicated that the most important problems affecting productivity were: difficulty with recruitment of supervisors; difficulty with recruitment of workers; high rate of labour turnover; absenteeism from the work site; and communication problems with foreign workers. Olomolaiye et al (1996) studied factors affecting productivity of craftsmen in Indonesia, with their findings indicating craftsmen in Indonesia spent 75 % of their time working productively. Five specific productivity problems were identified: ie lack of materials; rework; absenteeism; lack of equipment; and tools. 1.2 Term of Labor productivity Labor productivity is a key indicator labor market, it plays an important in measuring performance of economic countries. When we refer to this indicator, there are many definitions from international organization like Asian productivity organization, International labor organization and General statistical office According to international labor organization (KILM 17 – Key indicator labor market 17) the labor productivity can be defined as output per unit of labor input (persons engaged or hours worked). In KILM 17 output index can be measured as gross domestic product (GDP) for the aggregate economy expressed at purchasing power parities (PPP) to account for price differences in countries; as well as at market exchange rates which reflect the market value of the output produced. According to Asian productivity organization (APO), productivity is a combination ouput with input such as labor force, material raw, machine, energy to produce According to general statistical office (GSO), productivity of employed population is the indicator reflecting the working performance of labor, usually measured by gross domestic product at current prices to a worker on an average in the reference period, usually a calendar year. 915
3. 1.3 Why is labor productivity important in economic integration? Labor productivity plays an integral role to estimate quality of economic growth each country. Why is labor productivity important? ILO Viet Nam Director Gyorgy Sziraczki explains how the ASEAN Economic Community means to Viet Nam’s labor productivity and what the country can learn from its neighbours. Labor productivity is important at least for four reasons: - First, it drives economic growth – a highly productive economy means that we are able to produce more goods or services with the same amount of resource, or produce the same level of goods and services with less resources. - Second, labor productivity affects everyone. For businesses, increased productivity brings higher profit and opportunity for more investment. For workers, increased productivity can translate to higher wages and better working conditions. And in the longer term, increased productivity is key to job creation. For the government, increased productivity results in higher tax revenues. - Third, the current state of labor productivity is important. During the past two decades, labor productivity in Viet Nam grew by about 4.5 per cent per year on average, which was the highest rate among the ASEAN countries. As a result, Viet Nam narrowed down its relative gaps with more advanced ASEAN economies. But challenges remain. Among ASEAN countries, Viet Nam’s labor productivity level is still near the bottom. Assuming that recent productivity growth rates are maintained, Viet Nam will reach the Philippines only by 2038, Thailand by 2069 and take far more time to catch up with many other countries. - Fourth, ageing population and economic integration also need to be taken into consideration.Vietnam is ageing rapidly. In 2045, Viet Nam will face the same population ageing problems as Japan does today. Vigorously boosting productivity is the only way for Viet Nam to become prosperous before its population becomes ageing. Deepening economic integration, including the establishment of ASEAN economic community, is bringing additional challenges as well as opportunities. 2. Content 2.1 Method of research The study use mixed method such as data statistic, data analysis. Database relates to labor productivity indicator of country, of economic sector from foreign organization such as ILO, WB, APO, GSO After that, the article keeps going analyze growth rate, make comparison between Vietnam and other countries in ASEAN. Main issues a, Vietnam – one of the countries whose labor productivity is lowest in AEC 916
4. Table 1: Labor productivity of ASEAN countries in a period 2010 to 2013 (estimate current price PPP 2005) sort largest to smallest Unit: USD per worker Year Country 2010 2011 2012 2013 Brunei darussalam 98831 99412 100057 106066 Singapore 97151 98775 96573 98072 Malaysia 33344 34054 35036 35751 Thailand 13813 13665 14443 14754 Philippines 9152 9169 9571 10026 Indonesia 8763 9130 9536 9848 Timor-Leste 7027 7654 8156 8787 Vietnam 4896 5082 5250 5440 Lao PDR 4635 4865 5114 5396 Cambodia 3502 3664 3849 3989 Source: ILO KILM 2014 Table 1 shows that labor productivity of Vietnam is USD 4,896 in 2010 and USD 5440 in 2013. Consequently, Vietnam’s labor productivity is still higher than Campuchia, Laos. If we compare with other countries in ASEAN, Vietnam’s labor productivity equals 5.13% of Brunei, 5.55% of Singapore and 15.22% of Malaysia in 2013. Although Vietnam keeps improving economic growth rate, our country needs more attempt to enhance labor productivity. Table 2: Per-hour labor productivity level of ASEAN countries in 2012 – GDP at constant basic prices per hour, using 2011 PPP, reference year 2012 Unit: USD per hour per worker Labor productivity Proportion Country (2012) (%) Singapore 49,5 100 Malaysia 20,5 41,4 Thailand 10 20,3 Indonesia 9,9 19,9 Philippines 6,9 13,9 Vietnam 3,4 6,8 Cambodia 1,8 3,7 Source: APO productivity databook 2014 Regarding to Per-hour labor productivity level in 2012 a Sigaporean worker generates 49,5 USD while a Vietnamese worker creates USD 3.4 only, which is equal to 6,8% of that Singapore. b, The gap among economic sector 917
5. The economy consists of 3 sector as Agriculture, forestry & fishing, industry & construction and service. In 2014 labor productivity of Vietnam was estimated to be VND 74.3 million. Table 3: Labor productivity in whole economy and sector Labor productivity Labor productivity Growth rate (Current price) (GDP constant price 2010 (%) PPP) Year Whole Agriculture Industry Service Whole Agriculture Industry Service Whole Agriculture Industry Service 2010 44 16,8 80,3 63,8 44 16,8 80,3 63,8 3,6 4,7 -0,3 0,4 2011 55,2 22,9 98,3 76,5 45,5 17,4 82,1 64,7 3,5 3,7 2,3 1,4 2012 63,1 26,2 115 83,7 46,9 17,9 85,4 64,7 3,1 2,7 4 0 2013 68,7 27 124,1 92,9 48,7 18,3 88,7 66,8 3,8 2,3 3,9 3,1 2014 74,3 28,9 133,4 100,7 50,8 18,7 92,5 69,7 4,4 2,4 4,3 4,4 On average in period 2010 to 2014 3,7 3,2 2,8 1,9 Source: Vietnam productivity report 2014 In general from 2010 up to present situation of labor productivity among economic sector is getting better and better, table 3 shows that the labor productivity increased by 3.7% in this period. However, labor productivity in agriculture is the lowest among all economic sectors, which decreases average labor productivity. Agriculture, forestry & fishing make up over 46.6% workforce in the economy, but, this sector contributes only 18% GDP. Table 4: Productivity of employed population by kinds of economic activity Unit: Million dong/person Kinds of economic activity 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total 44 55,2 63,1 68,7 Agriculture, forestry and fishing 16,8 22,9 26,2 27 Mining and quarrying 780,4 1029,7 1354,9 1542,6 Manufacturing 58,3 71,8 79,5 86,1 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 550,8 629,2 808,5 944,5 Water supply, sewerage, waste management and 98,5 133,2 146,6 157,4 remediation actitivities Construction 44,8 50,7 55,6 58,8 Whosale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles 51,2 62,3 67,1 73,5 and motorcycles 918
6. Transportation and storage 46,1 58,7 65 71,6 Accommodation and food service activities 47,2 52,9 57,1 62,8 Information and communication 88,3 88,7 89,8 103,3 Financial, banking and insurance activities 466,4 501,5 556,3 592,7 Real estate activities 1330,4 1399,2 1227,1 1289,3 Professional, scientific and technical activities 130,8 162,8 168,7 198 Administrative and support service activities 45,4 54 54,3 63,5 Activities of communist party, socio-political 35,2 45,5 51,9 56 organizations, public administration and defence; compulsory security Education and training 30,2 38,5 47,8 58,4 Human health and social work activities 53,9 55,7 69,8 117,8 Arts, entertainment and recreation 64,8 69,2 74,9 77,6 Other service activities 50,2 59,2 68,7 74,3 Activities of households as employers; 17,2 23,3 28,5 32,3 undifferentiated goods and services producing activities of households for own use Source: Statistical yearbooks of Vietnam, GSO 2013 According to GSO labor productivity in 2013 is 1.56 times of that in 2010. Table 2 indicates that the productivity of mining and quarrying is the highest while agriculture, foresty, fishing is the lowest in economic sectors with VND 27 million per worker annually. c, Labor productivity of domestic business is lower than FDI business Among the type of company, the productivity of both private companies and State of enterprise (SOEs) is lower than of FDI enterprises. For instance, even in garment sector, which always has high export value with many working enterprises the productivity is still lower in domestic firms in comparison with FDI enterprise. Chart 1: Labor productivity of domestic garment enterprises in 2013 Unit: % 919
7. Chart 2: Labor productivity of FDI enterprises in 2013 Unit: % Chart 1 indicates that 75% domestic enterprises got from 300 to 400$ per worker per month, while the number of enterprise 500$ per worker per month is 15%. While foreign enterprises whose it productivity over 500$, make up 70% of total, labor productivity from 400 to 500$ accounts for 30%, no one under 400$ (see chart 2). Meanwhile, 15% domestic companies and 70% FDI firm achieves over 500$ per worker per month, and 85% domestic enterprise till get under 500$ per worker per month. Regarding to labor productivity per hour, that of enterprises in the garment sector remains low, for instance on average each garment company has productivity from 1.3 to 1.9 $ per hour. At the same time the garment industry of Vietnam only achieves between 60% and 70% productivity of ASEAN and 45% productivity of Korea and China. Cause of problem Why did Vietnam’s labor productivity remain low compare with others countries? There are many causes of low labor productivity, which consist of production ability, main industry and quality of employees. First cause is the limitation of production ability. In fact, our technology also concentrates on human resources, rate of processing is high, the level of auto- industrialization is absolutely low, domestic business focus on processing step which obtain low values added in global value chain. Second reason is the mobility of low productivity sector. The employment just focuses on many industries which have a low productivity. According to newsletter of Vietnam labor market update volume 3 in 2014, the proportion of working labor by agriculture, forestry and fishing remains the leading with 47.07% while level of production of this industry remains low, next to industry and construction, which account for 21,11% especially this productivity is mostly related to processing and outsourcing. Thirdly, owning to low quality worker, the labor productivity remains low in comparison to other countries. Specially, in 2nd quarter (Q2) of 2014 the share of skilled worker in total Vietnam’s labor force accounts for 47.98% while workers who have 920
8. qualification/ certificate remain low rate with 18,25%, in addition worker who do not have certificates make up 29.73%. In contrast, the proportion of worker who has qualification of Thailand, Malaysia, Philippine and Indonesia follow by 51.4%, 36%, 28.2% and 27%. The employment sectoral structural change showed a positive sign, the proportion of worker in construction and industry increased, whereas in agriculture, forestry and fisheries sharply decreased. However, the proportion of the service sector decreased comparing with the previous quarter and the same quarter last year. In addition, the proportion of total factor productivity which contributed to economic growth remained low, representing only 13.83% while that in Thailand accounted for 21.32% and Malaysia 40.74%. 2.4. Some policy implications a, Vietnam needs to transfer economic growth model from wide growth to deep growth, based on total factor productivity In fact, Vietnam’s economy cannot always rely on natural resource because it does not ensure economic growth quality. Besides, the input of economic growth such as capital, labor and natural resource are not unlimited. After analyzing the reasons of low labor productivity, we find that total factor productivity contributed to low economic growth rate. Therefore, it is essential to increase significantly this rate. According to the socio-economic development strategy in period 2011 – 2020, the government sets specific target with 32% in 2015 and 35% in 2020. b, Enhancing competitive capacity at all level + Regarding to national level: Vietnamese government should concentrate on the main issue which became a constraint of Vietnam such as management model, transparency, infrastructure, skilled worker and social capital. Vietnam needs to strengthen national competitive capacity to improve its global competition index. + In term of sector level: we have to improve transition of labor structure from agriculture, forestry, fisher (which has lowest productivity) to other industries which has higher productivity, thus making strengthen resource restructuring + In term of firm level: domestic business must to investigate and develop new technology, it is important that the firm pay attention to marketing, management model and human resource quality. In order to export goods into international markets, Vietnam’s companies ought to invest R&D, innovation, to develop supporting industries, to focus on building goodwill – intensive firms such as garment, farm produce, rice processing. c, Another solution Apart from the above mentioned policies, maintaining labor productivity growth rate to be higher than wage growth rate is the determinant of sustainable production development. The government should take measures to adjust pay rate in the economy. Specially, it is important that to assurance labor productivity growth rate over minimum salary. Besides wage policy concern, governments also encourage business to invest and apply modern technology advances 921
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