Sustainable economic development in ho chi minh city

Nội dung text: Sustainable economic development in ho chi minh city

1. SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN HO CHI MINH CITY Dr. Bui Ngoc Hien Email: bnhien.hca@gmail.com Faculty of Public Management, Ho Chi Minh city Cadre Academy Abstract Sustainable urban development is becoming the top concern of the nations in making and implementing development policy systems. Sustainable urban development is a development process harmonious, effective three pillars: economic development - social inclusion - environmental management effectively. Vietnam is a rapidly urbanizing country. This process makes Vietnam's cities facing many major problems and challenges, especially sustainable economic development. Ho Chi Minh City is Vietnam's largest city. This is a dynamic city with the fastest socio-economic development rate in the whole country. The development of Ho Chi Minh City plays an important role in the overall development of the whole country. However, according to the assessments of the authorities and experts, Ho Chi Minh City is growing slowly and facing many big problems. Based on the analysis of the potentials and advantages of this City as well as the difficulties and challenges of the new development context, this paper recommends groups of solutions to ensure for sustainable economic development in Ho Chi Minh City in the next decades. Keywords: Sustainable urban development, sustainable economic development, sustainable economic development in Ho Chi Minh city. 1. Sustainable urban development and sustainable economic development Sustainable development is a term using popular in social life. Sustainable development is “a process for improving the range of opportunities that will enable individual humans and communities to achieve their aspirations and full potential over a sustained period of time while maintaining the resilience of economic, social, and environmental systems” (Mohan Munasinghe, 2004). According to The World Bank, “sustainable development recognizes that growth must be both inclusive and environmentally sound to reduce poverty and build shared prosperity for today’s population and to continue to meet the needs of future generations. It is efficient with resources and carefully planned to deliver both immediate and long-term benefits. The three pillars of sustainable development – economic growth, environmental stewardship, and social inclusion – carry across all 480
2. sectors of development, from cities facing rapid urbanization to agriculture, infrastructure, energy development and use, water availability, and transportation” (The World Bank, 2015). In state management, sustainable development has become the goal and requirement in the process of making and implementing socio-economic development policies. Sustainable development is defined as a balanced and harmonious development process between socio-economic and environmental aspects in the present without harming, negatively impacting the development in the future. In the present, sustainable urban development is becoming a major concern in the developmental process of each nation. Sustainable urban development is an attempt to develop the city by enhancing the economic opportunity and community wellbeing while protecting and restoring the natural environment upon which people and economies depend (Kotharkar and Bahadure, 2010). Vietnam is a developing country so that the process of urbanization is being implemented so fast. In that process, posing many big problems and challenges, especially ensuring the balance and harmony between sustainable economic development with social inclusion and environmental management effectively. The most important factor in the sustainable urban developmental process is sustainable economic development. This fact is widespread in Vietnam's cities, especially in big cities like Ho Chi Minh City. Sustainable economic development is therefore directly concerned with increasing the material standard of living of the poor at the "grassroots" level, which can be quantitatively measured in terms of increased food, real income, educational services. health-care, sanitation and water supply, emergency stocks of food and cash, etc. and only indirectly concerned with economic growth at the aggregate, commonly national, level. In general terms, the primary objective is reducing the absolute poverty of the world's through providing lasting and secure livelihoods that minimize resource depletion, environmental degradation, cultural disruption, and social instability (Edward B. Barbier, 1987). 2. The economy in Ho Chi Minh city 2.1. Some results Ho Chi Minh City is the largest city in Vietnam, bordering with Binh Duong province in the North, with Tay Ninh province in the North, with Dong Nai and Northeast in the North, with Ba Ria - Vung Tau in the South East and in the South, with Long An and Tien Giang in the Southwest. This city has an area of 2,061.4 km2 and a population of 8,297,500 people (GSO., 2016). Ho Chi Minh City is a major center for economy, culture, education - training, science and technology. The 481
3. development of Ho Chi Minh City has always played an important role in the overall development of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh City always maintains a high economic growth rate compared to the whole national average (2013: 7.19%; 2014: 7.49%; 2015: 7.72%; 2016: 8.05 %; 2017: 8.25%; 2018: 8.3%). In the GRDP increase rate of 8.3% in 2018, the increase structure of the regions was: the service sector increased by 8.4%, the industry and construction sector increased by 8.1%, the agricultural sector increased by 6.2%, product tax increased by 8.3%. In the first quarter of 2019, the GRDP of Ho Chi Minh City continued to increase 7.64%. Sectors structure in Ho Chi Minh City's GRDP in the first quarter of 2019: service sector accounts for 63.1%, industry and construction sector accounts for 21.5%, agriculture sector accounts for a proportion 0.6%, product tax minus product subsidies accounted for 14.7%. Among them, 09 major service industries (trade, finance - banking - insurance, tourism, information - communication, transport - port - warehousing, science - technology, real estate business) production, education - training, health) accounted for 57.7% of the total GRDP; 03 sectors (real estate, trade - port - warehousing) accounted for 34.9% of the total GRDP. In 2018, some sectors with a high increase over the same period: trade increased by 9.5% (same period increased by 9.4%), transport - port - warehousing increased by 8.5% (same period increased 6.8%), tourism increased 9.2% (same period increased 7.9%), real estate business increased 6.6% (the same period increased 4.8%), science and technology increased 7, 7% (same period increased 7.1%); health rose 7.6% (same period increased 7.4%); education - training increased by 9.21% (same period increased by 9.14%). In the first quarter of 2019, Ho Chi Minh City had 8,639 newly licensed enterprises with a total registered capital of 147,114 billion VND, increasing 2.4% of the number of enterprises and 46% of the registered capital compared to the same (2018 there were 44,126 licensed enterprises). As of April 2019, Ho Chi Minh City has 380,064 enterprises operating, accounting for nearly 60% of the total number of enterprises operating whole the country. In which, 582 enterprises has registered capital of over 1,000 billion VND (accounting for 0.15%); 7,694 enterprises have registered capital of over 100 billion VND (accounting for 2.02%). Ho Chi Minh City has 14 industrial parks (3,367 ha), 03 export processing zones (423 ha area) with 1,392 investment projects with a total registered investment capital of 9.19 billion USD; 06 industrial clusters (Le Minh Xuan, Nhi Xuan, Lang Le - Bau Co, Quy Duc, Bau Tran, Duong Cong Khi) with an area of 331.43 ha. 482
4. Ho Chi Minh City is also a locality that attracts a lot foreign investment capital. In 2018, Ho Chi Minh City attracted 7.39 billion USD (increasing 11.8% over the same period). In which, the countries with large direct investment are: South Korea accounted for 26.3%; Singapore accounted for 22.2%, Japan accounted for 12.5%. Ho Chi Minh City's state budget revenue always accounts for the largest proportion in the national state budget revenue. In 2018, Ho Chi Minh City's state budget revenue is of 378,543 billion VND, reaching 100.47% of the estimate, increasing 8.65% over the same period. Particularly in the first quarter of 2019, Ho Chi Minh City collected 98,365 billion VND, achieving 24.65% of the revenue estimate in 2019, increasing 7.18% compared to the first quarter of 2018. Ho Chi Minh City has always been rated as the most dynamic city of Vietnam. JLL Regional Headquarters ranked Ho Chi Minh City as the second dynamic city in the world in 2017 in its research of City Growth Index 2017: Which city is changing the fastest ?. 2.2. Some difficulties and challenges in developing the economy in Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City's economy is also facing many difficulties and challenges that threaten sustainable development. Some basic difficulties and challenges can be mentioned: Firstly, the economic growth quality of Ho Chi Minh City is generally not sustainable, the service sector and some economic sectors are growing unstable. The growth of important economic sectors of the city is unstable, tends to decrease: the service sector increases by 12.5% in the period of 2006 - 2012, 11.2% in the period of 2011 - 2015, 8.4 % in 2018, 7.7% in the first quarter of 2019; industry and construction sector increased by 10.3% in the period of 2006 - 2012, 7.6% in the period of 2011 - 2015, 8.1% in 2018, 7.41% in the first quarter of 2019. The first quarter of 2019 and 6/9 major service industries of Ho Chi Minh City have lower growth rates over the same period (trade, transport - warehousing, tourism, finance - banking - insurance, real estate, health). Secondly, although the internal structure of economic sectors has changed in the right direction, the value-added content is still low, the rate of machining production is still high and the competitiveness is still low. This fact is manifest in the following aspects: (i) agricultural production depends heavily on cultivated land; (ii) industrial production depends on imports, technology transfer, the rate of localization products low; (iii) the growth value of the industry is mainly based on increasing capital and labor, not moving on labor productivity and technology, intellectuals. 483
5. Thirdly, the export of Ho Chi Minh City tends to decrease gradually in proportion. Traditional products tend to export slowly, competitiveness is low. The export market of the Ho Chi Minh City is mainly concentrated in some countries. Fourthly, Ho Chi Minh City has many "bottlenecks" that hinder economic development such as: (i) infrastructure in general and transportation in particular are not synchronized, have not met requirements of socio-economic development; (ii) flooded during the rainy season combined with tides; (iii) increasing the mechanical population creates big pressure in managing and developing sustainable. The difficulties and challenges in sustainable development Ho Chi Minh City are also called by the research projects as problems of a "super city" area such as the rapid increase of population, overloaded infrastructure system, pollution environment impact on the sustainable economic development in Ho Chi Minh City. JLL Regional Headquarters also shows the difficulties and obstacles of Ho Chi Minh City: "The problem of traffic congestion is still a major obstacle to the quality of life and labor productivity, these are essential elements to be resolved to ensure growth paced in the future ”; "To ensure long-term success, these economies need to adapt quickly to innovation and infrastructure improvements" (JLL Regional Headquarters, 2017). On the state management side, the Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc also stated: "The socio-economic situation of Ho Chi Minh City still exists many problems, weakness and continues to face difficulties and challenges. If have not new direction, good ways, innovation, facilitating for Ho Chi Minh City developing, this City will stop” (Duc Tuan, 2017). 3. Groups of solutions for sustainable economic development in Ho Chi Minh City in the following decades 3.1. Group of solutions to ensure sustainable economic growth of Ho Chi Minh City First, the City's authorities create an environment for sustainable development First of all, Ho Chi Minh City’s authorities should focus on completing and proposing competent agencies to complete the institutional and policy system to create a legal environment for sustainable development. Ho Chi Minh City should propose to the National Assembly, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, the Government, the Prime Minister and the ministries and ministerial- level agencies to continue improving the institutional and policies system related to the Ho Chi Minh City according to more decentralized direction to the City authorities. At the same time, continue to improve institutions and policies within the 484
6. scope of competence, especially concretize the National Assembly Resolution No. 54/2017/QH14 of November 24, 2017 on piloting special mechanisms and policies Ho Chi Minh City's development. Besides, Ho Chi Minh City’s authorities should pay attention to creating development space by reviewing development plans towards synchronous, scientific, predictive and high feasibility. Planning the spatial of Ho Chi Minh City should aim to harmonize between modernity of a large city with the preservation, unity and promotion of cultural values and peoples living in the City. Focus on developing synchronous and modern the infrastructure system to meet the requirements of a future megacity combined with effective environmental protection. In particular, interested in completing the planning for developing distribution, wholesale and retail systems based on the application of technology platforms and operating models of shared economy. Building warehouse system, transportation yards and applying technology to reduce logistic costs for production and business activities. In addition, Ho Chi Minh City authorities need to make strategies and synchronous solutions to innovate economic areas in the direction of increasing technology and knowledge in the products. Establish a mechanism to attract "new generation" investment flows into Ho Chi Minh City, with a focus on attracting investment in production and business flows based on applying technology and knowledge. There are effective solutions for relocating enterprises that are using a lot of labors in the urban to suburban areas. Those solutions will help Ho Chi Minh City have land to attract "new generation" enterprises. At the same time, there are reasonable mechanisms and policies to mobilize resources for developing in Ho Chi Minh City. Secondly, sustainable economic growth based on increasing total factor productivity One of the solutions which Ho Chi Minh City's authorities to consider is increasing total factor productivity. First of all, Ho Chi Minh City's authorities need to pay attention to improving the quality of human resources in terms of professional knowledge, social knowledge, ability to acquire and apply scientific and technological advances On the ground the quality of human resources will increase the total factor productivity. Besides, orienting investment activities focus on the fields of advanced science and applied technology, artificial intelligence to improve social labor productivity. Promote researching, innovating and applying of advanced scientific achievements into management, production and business activities. Continuing to pay attention and improve the operational efficiency of the creative entrepreneurial ecosystems along; accompanying, supporting with the enterprises. 485
7. Thirdly, paying attention to developing tourism becoming a important economic sector Continuing to improve the mechanisms and policies along with a system of solutions to build the tourism sector into one of the important economic sectors of Ho Chi Minh City. Promoting the role of stakeholders; researching and studying the experiences of developing tourism in countries around the world. First of all, the City's authorities studies and improves the policies to exploit the potentials and advantages in developing the tourism sector. In particular, paying special attention to combining tourism exploitation with environmental protection, protection of Can Gio marine ecosystem. Besides, well implementing the planning of tourism activities in the urban. Propagate and disseminate to the people to agree and act with the City's authorities in developing tourism. Innovating tourism promotion activities on the basis of exploiting information and communication technologies. Fourth, there is an effective strategy for developing artificial intelligence Ho Chi Minh City’s authorities should pay attention and issue policies on researching, developing and applying artificial intelligence. Perceiving correctly the role of artificial intelligence as well as opportunities, challenges and risks of Ho Chi Minh City in the developing artificial intelligence by well organizing researching, forecasting and consulting activities on artificial intelligence. Special attention is consulting from Vietnamese experts working in the field of artificial intelligence in the world; international experts; universities, research institutes, scientists, independent consulting organizations Promoting the role of non-state organizations participating in searching, forecasting and developing activities about artificial intelligence. In addition, Ho Chi Minh City's authorities should determine the vision and objectives of developing artificial intelligence on the basis of scientific arguments. The goal of developing artificial intelligence needs to be defined at two levels: the common goal (the expected results in the researching, developing and applying the artificial intelligence for the socio-economic sectors in generalization level); Specific goals (expected results in researching, developing and applying the artificial intelligence in sectors and fields; regions). Ho Chi Minh City's authority also need to identify priority areas in artificial intelligence development. However, in determining the objectives in developing artificial intelligence, should be based on science and consistency in implementation. At the same time, the City's authorities need to organize effective mobilization to create resources for researching, developing and applying in artificial intelligence. The City's authorities should pay attention to investment priorities from the state 486
8. budget to focus investment in areas that have the potential to apply high artificial intelligence in the future as well as important areas related to national security room. At the same time, orienting and leading technology corporations, startups invest in researching, developing and applying in artificial intelligence. Completing the mechanism to implement public-private partnerships in research, development and application of artificial intelligence. Encouraging and creating conditions for non- state actors to participate in researching, developing and applying in artificial intelligence in socio-economic fields. At the same time, for developing artificial intelligence, the City's authorities should pay attention to developing human resources on artificial intelligence. The City's authorities should have a mechanism to encourage capable students and students to participate in researching, developing and applying in artificial intelligence. There is good remuneration for experts and researchers in this field. Selecting and investing in some centers, universities and research institutes to become centers for researching, developing and applying in artificial intelligence. Attracting high quality human resources on artificial intelligence to work in Ho Chi Minh City. In addition, the City's authorities should implement a flexible working mechanism for the world's leading experts (especially Vietnamese experts working abroad) at artificial intelligence centers in Vietnam. The City's authorities should study Finland's experiences in teaching about artificial intelligence for people. 3.2. Group of solutions to exploit effectively the potentials, advantages and resources for developing economy Firstly, identifying the potentials and advantages of economic development of Ho Chi Minh City Huynh The Du and his colleagues have made the comment: "One of the fundamental causes making the gap between Ho Chi Minh City with other cities in the region is still large because Ho Chi Minh City still cannot promote well its advantages and exploiting its potentials. This also implies that the growth and development space for Ho Chi Minh City is still very high and the ability to catch up with other regional cities is feasible” (Du, Huynh The at al, 2016). The Political Bureau's conclusion No. 21-KL/TW also affirmed: "The implementation of the Resolution (Politburo Resolution No. 16-NQ/TW on direction and task of developing Ho Chi Minh City by 2020) the City Party Committee and City authorities are still slow, not aggressive enough, have not created a breakthrough to promote the potentials and advantages for the development of Ho Chi Minh City” (Central Executive Committee, 2017). 487
9. For sustainable economic development, Ho Chi Minh City’s authorities should assess scientifically, comprehensively the development process and identify the potentials and advantages hav not exploited effectively in the past to developing economy. Since then, determining the City's economic development strategy in the coming decades on the basis exploiting effectively its potentials and advantages. There are three basic potentials and advantages of Ho Chi Minh City need to pay attention and exploit effectively in the development process: Favorable position in geography, economy - society With the position as an economic, cultural, educational, scientific and technological center of the whole country; Being an international exchange and integration center, Ho Chi Minh City has many development advantages, being the driving force for development of the southern key economic region and the whole country. At the same time, with its geographical position, Ho Chi Minh City can be a connecting center, an economic and financial center of the region and the world. Particularly favorable geographical conditions of Ho Chi Minh City can be considered as a gap that has not been exploited effectively to serve the development process of the City in recent years. Human resources of large scale, high quality and constantly being supplemented Ho Chi Minh City has the largest-scale labor force in the country, with high quality, constantly being supplemented by migrant workers from other localities, from the source of graduates the universities. The people of Ho Chi Minh City who have a market-oriented economic mindset are an advantage of the City in socio- economic construction and development. Besides, Ho Chi Minh City has a team of experts, highly qualified human resources. This is a great resource to help build Ho Chi Minh City into a creative, smart and modern city. The largest financial center in the country Every year, Ho Chi Minh City receives a large amount of remittances, more than half of the country's remittances. Along with that are credit institutions in the city with capital mobilization growth rate (approximately 30% nationwide) and stable credit balance, well serving the needs of production and business activities of enterprises and people. This is a great resource for Ho Chi Minh City to mobilize resources for socio-economic development as well as for developing the private sector. Secondly, managing effectively economic development resources The resources for sustainable economic development in Ho Chi Minh City is a difficult problem in the next decades. For solving this problem, the City's authority should plan effectively and manage natural resources such as land, water and air 488
10. within the City along with promoting links with localities in the region to managing and exploiting effectively the common resources. Based on the planning of Ho Chi Minh City area approved by the Prime Minister, Ho Chi Minh City needs to coordinate with authorities in the provinces in the region to unify the sub-regions in a scientific way to maximizing the competitive advantages and resources of each locality to serve the development objectives of each locality and the overall development objectives of the whole Ho Chi Minh City region. Thirdly, interested in developing the City's human resources Human resources are the most important resource in development. To ensure sustainable economic development, the City's authorities need to have a strategy to develop human resources so that every citizen of the City is a "smart citizen", responsible for the overall development of the City. For achieving this goal, Ho Chi Minh City needs to build a model of future City citizens, more interested in education to train new citizen classes to meet the requirements sustainable development the City in the future. 3.3. Group of solutions for building and improving the governance capacity of the City's authorities meets the development requirements First, building the organizational structure and staffs of the City's authorities Interest in building authorities have the capacity to meet the requirement of managing and developing the City in the new context. Ho Chi Minh City's authorities should study and continue to improve and propose to the Central Government the model of City's authorities. It is possible that the City's authorities should apply for piloting in the direction of City's authorities at two levels: City level and ward level. In addition, a number of City-level agencies were established under the method of decentralization to coordinate the implementation of tasks in the areas of the City. This organizational model is conforming to the trend of transforming state governance in general and fitting of the context of urban development space together with the rapid development of information technology is increasingly supporting effectively the governance of state agencies. At the same time, it is also suitable for the urban environment - where the educational level is getting higher and higher. This model also meets the requirements of solving socio-economic problems quickly and effectively. Recruiting and training the cadres of authorities at all levels of the City become "smart officials" to operate "smart cities" and "creative cities". Attracting qualified cadres in the "elite" group of social human resources to work at agencies under the City's authorities, Ho Chi Minh City's authorities should focus on training, fostering 489
11. updates of new and scientific knowledge, conforming to practical requirements of each group of cadres. The City's authorities should pay attention training and retraining of groups of management skills, solving new problems, globalization issues for staff at all levels of authorities. In particular, the City's authorities should pay attention training and retraining making and implementing the public policy for leading cadres and civil servants at all levels, especially at the City level. Along with the remuneration regime for the staffs at all levels, Ho Chi Minh City's authorities should improve the mechanism in evaluation and appointing the cadres more scientific and effective. Detecting, training, retraining, planning, leadership training, management training for the leadership team, management levels. Completing the mechanism of allocation of powers commensurate with the tasks associated with specific and clear accountability of each position in the system. Second, promoting the role of stakeholders in developing the City The private sector of Ho Chi Minh City has great potential. On the basis of general institutions and policies of the State, the City's authorities should facilitate and support with specific and practical mechanisms, policies for the private economic sector developing and becoming an important driving force, becoming partners with the authorities at all levels in developing the City and the country. In addition, Ho Chi Minh City's authorities should also improve the mechanism for non-state sectors to participate in creating and developing sustainable economy of the City. With the experience and dynamism of the City's authorities in the past time, the growth of the non-state sector, Ho Chi Minh City will be favorable and successful if promoting the role of stakeholders in the sustainable economic development. Third, promoting administrative reform Continue to review, build and complete the system of mechanisms, policies and administrative procedures. Promote the application of information technology in the management and settlement of administrative procedures to serve the people and serve enterprises. Publicizing the state management activities. Continue to improve and accelerate the implementation of the Ho Chi Minh City Construction Project to become a smart city. In particular, pay special attention to building and managing effectively of smart society. 3.4. Group of solutions to address the City's "bottlenecks" In order to sustainable economic development in Ho Chi Minh city, the City's authorities cannot fail to address the "bottlenecks" in development. There can be three major "bottlenecks" of Ho Chi Minh City: (i) Overloading traffic system causes more serious traffic congestion, which greatly affects people's lives and increases spending 490
12. cost, time-consuming business; (ii) The flooding in the rainy season with the influence of high tide has gradually become permanent and the level of impact on the socio-economic life has become more serious, contributing to the increase in traffic congestion ; (ii) The security and order situation in the city has also become a big problem, negatively affecting the socio-economic development, affecting the prestige of the City and being a major agent to prevent become a tourist destination to become an important economic sector of the City. In the near future, Ho Chi Minh City needs to take advantage of specific mechanisms and mobilize resources to solve these "bottlenecks" as efficiently as possible. For traffic congestion, Ho Chi Minh City should continue to plan the traffic system in a scientific manner, in accordance with the reality on the basis of synchronous development: road traffic, railway traffic, and delivery waterway traffic, air traffic combined with re-planning some residential areas, there is a feasible solution to curb mechanical population growth. In planning and developing the transport system, the City's authorities should study scientifically and carefully in developing underground space to ensure safety as well as sustainability in developing the City. For flooding, in addition to the use of effective flood control methods, the City should calculate solutions to prevent negative impacts of tides such as dyke construction or zoning impacts 4. Conclusion Ho Chi Minh City has always been identified as a dynamic, creative and fast- growing city. The socio-economic development of Ho Chi Minh City contributes greatly to the overall development of the country. However, the general development and economic development of Ho Chi Minh City are facing many difficulties and challenges along with many big "problems" to be addressed. In order to sustainable economic development in Ho Chi Minh city, the City's authorities should implement synchronously, effectively many groups of solutions to exploit the City's potential and advantages as well as to enlist opportunities in the new development context, including the above solution groups. References: 1. Edward B. Barbier (1987), The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development, International Institute of Environmental Conservation, Vol. 14 (02), pp. 101 – 110, England. 2. Central Executive Committee (2017), Conclusion No. 21-KL/TW dated October 24, 2017 of the Politburo on preliminary review of the 5-year implementation of Politburo Resolution No. 16-NQ/TW directions and tasks of development in Ho Chi Minh City by 2020, Hanoi. 491
13. 3. Department of Planning and Investment of Ho Chi Minh City (2018), Official Letter No. 3592/SKHĐT-KT on mid-term report of the Program to improve the quality of growth and competitiveness of the economy application of integration requirements in the period of 2016 - 2020, Ho Chi Minh City. 4. Du, Huynh The – Thanh, Nguyen Xuan – Tuan, Do Thien Anh – Dung, Huynh Trung (2016), Evaluate Ho Chi Minh City's competitiveness and suggest development strategy orientation to 2025, vision 2045, Ho Chi Minh City. 2. JLL Regional Headquarters (2017), City growth index in 2017: Which city is changing the fastest ?. 3. Kotharkar and Bahadure (2010), Mixed Land use, An approach to Sustainable Urban Development, International Conference Urbanism and Green Architecture titled Mixed Landuse, An approach to Sustainable Urban Development, (pp. 149-158). NIT, Hamirpur. 4. Mohan Munasinge (2004), “Sustainable Development: Basic Concepts and Application to Energy”, Encyclopedia of Energy, Vol. 5, Publisher: Elsevier, pp. 789–808. 5. People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City (2018), Report No. 223/BC-UBND on the economic, cultural and social situation of the city in 2018, important tasks and solutions in 2019, Ho Chi Minh City. 6. People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City (2018), Report No. 50/BC-UBND on the City's socio-economic-cultural situation in the first quarter, important tasks and solutions in the second quarter of 2019, Ho Chi Minh City. 7. Tuan, Duc (2017) "Prime Minister: Define what tasks can be decentralized to HCMC": September 6, 2017: Xac-dinh-ro- Children-vu-gi-co-the-phan-cap-for-HCMC / 315862.vgp. 8. World Bank (2015), World Bank Bonds Support Sustainable Development. 9. General Statistics Office of Vietnam ( 492